3 rsync - a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool
9 rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST]
11 Access via remote shell:
13 rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST:SRC... [DEST]
15 rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST:DEST
17 Access via rsync daemon:
19 rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST::SRC... [DEST]
20 rsync [OPTION...] rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC... [DEST]
22 rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST::DEST
23 rsync [OPTION...] SRC... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST)
26 Usages with just one SRC arg and no DEST arg will list the source files instead
31 Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool. It can copy
32 locally, to/from another host over any remote shell, or to/from a remote rsync
33 daemon. It offers a large number of options that control every aspect of its
34 behavior and permit very flexible specification of the set of files to be
35 copied. It is famous for its delta-transfer algorithm, which reduces the
36 amount of data sent over the network by sending only the differences between
37 the source files and the existing files in the destination. Rsync is widely
38 used for backups and mirroring and as an improved copy command for everyday
41 Rsync finds files that need to be transferred using a "quick check" algorithm
42 (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or in last-modified
43 time. Any changes in the other preserved attributes (as requested by options)
44 are made on the destination file directly when the quick check indicates that
45 the file's data does not need to be updated.
47 Some of the additional features of rsync are:
49 - support for copying links, devices, owners, groups, and permissions
50 - exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar
51 - a CVS exclude mode for ignoring the same files that CVS would ignore
52 - can use any transparent remote shell, including ssh or rsh
53 - does not require super-user privileges
54 - pipelining of file transfers to minimize latency costs
55 - support for anonymous or authenticated rsync daemons (ideal for mirroring)
59 Rsync copies files either to or from a remote host, or locally on the current
60 host (it does not support copying files between two remote hosts).
62 There are two different ways for rsync to contact a remote system: using a
63 remote-shell program as the transport (such as ssh or rsh) or contacting an
64 rsync daemon directly via TCP. The remote-shell transport is used whenever the
65 source or destination path contains a single colon (:) separator after a host
66 specification. Contacting an rsync daemon directly happens when the source or
67 destination path contains a double colon (::) separator after a host
68 specification, OR when an rsync:// URL is specified (see also the "USING
69 RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" section for an exception
72 As a special case, if a single source arg is specified without a destination,
73 the files are listed in an output format similar to "`ls -l`".
75 As expected, if neither the source or destination path specify a remote host,
76 the copy occurs locally (see also the `--list-only` option).
78 Rsync refers to the local side as the client and the remote side as the server.
79 Don't confuse server with an rsync daemon. A daemon is always a server, but a
80 server can be either a daemon or a remote-shell spawned process.
84 See the file README.md for installation instructions.
86 Once installed, you can use rsync to any machine that you can access via a
87 remote shell (as well as some that you can access using the rsync daemon-mode
88 protocol). For remote transfers, a modern rsync uses ssh for its
89 communications, but it may have been configured to use a different remote shell
90 by default, such as rsh or remsh.
92 You can also specify any remote shell you like, either by using the `-e`
93 command line option, or by setting the RSYNC_RSH environment variable.
95 Note that rsync must be installed on both the source and destination machines.
99 You use rsync in the same way you use rcp. You must specify a source and a
100 destination, one of which may be remote.
102 Perhaps the best way to explain the syntax is with some examples:
104 > rsync -t *.c foo:src/
106 This would transfer all files matching the pattern `*.c` from the current
107 directory to the directory src on the machine foo. If any of the files already
108 exist on the remote system then the rsync remote-update protocol is used to
109 update the file by sending only the differences in the data. Note that the
110 expansion of wildcards on the command-line (`*.c`) into a list of files is
111 handled by the shell before it runs rsync and not by rsync itself (exactly the
112 same as all other Posix-style programs).
114 > rsync -avz foo:src/bar /data/tmp
116 This would recursively transfer all files from the directory src/bar on the
117 machine foo into the /data/tmp/bar directory on the local machine. The files
118 are transferred in archive mode, which ensures that symbolic links, devices,
119 attributes, permissions, ownerships, etc. are preserved in the transfer.
120 Additionally, compression will be used to reduce the size of data portions of
123 > rsync -avz foo:src/bar/ /data/tmp
125 A trailing slash on the source changes this behavior to avoid creating an
126 additional directory level at the destination. You can think of a trailing /
127 on a source as meaning "copy the contents of this directory" as opposed to
128 "copy the directory by name", but in both cases the attributes of the
129 containing directory are transferred to the containing directory on the
130 destination. In other words, each of the following commands copies the files
131 in the same way, including their setting of the attributes of /dest/foo:
133 > rsync -av /src/foo /dest
134 > rsync -av /src/foo/ /dest/foo
136 Note also that host and module references don't require a trailing slash to
137 copy the contents of the default directory. For example, both of these copy
138 the remote directory's contents into "/dest":
140 > rsync -av host: /dest
141 > rsync -av host::module /dest
143 You can also use rsync in local-only mode, where both the source and
144 destination don't have a ':' in the name. In this case it behaves like an
145 improved copy command.
147 Finally, you can list all the (listable) modules available from a particular
148 rsync daemon by leaving off the module name:
150 > rsync somehost.mydomain.com::
152 See the following section for more details.
156 The syntax for requesting multiple files from a remote host is done by
157 specifying additional remote-host args in the same style as the first, or with
158 the hostname omitted. For instance, all these work:
160 > rsync -av host:file1 :file2 host:file{3,4} /dest/
161 > rsync -av host::modname/file{1,2} host::modname/file3 /dest/
162 > rsync -av host::modname/file1 ::modname/file{3,4}
164 Older versions of rsync required using quoted spaces in the SRC, like these
167 > rsync -av host:'dir1/file1 dir2/file2' /dest
168 > rsync host::'modname/dir1/file1 modname/dir2/file2' /dest
170 This word-splitting still works (by default) in the latest rsync, but is not as
171 easy to use as the first method.
173 If you need to transfer a filename that contains whitespace, you can either
174 specify the `--protect-args` (`-s`) option, or you'll need to escape the
175 whitespace in a way that the remote shell will understand. For instance:
177 > rsync -av host:'file\ name\ with\ spaces' /dest
179 # CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC DAEMON
181 It is also possible to use rsync without a remote shell as the transport. In
182 this case you will directly connect to a remote rsync daemon, typically using
183 TCP port 873. (This obviously requires the daemon to be running on the remote
184 system, so refer to the STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS section
185 below for information on that.)
187 Using rsync in this way is the same as using it with a remote shell except
190 - you either use a double colon :: instead of a single colon to separate the
191 hostname from the path, or you use an rsync:// URL.
192 - the first word of the "path" is actually a module name.
193 - the remote daemon may print a message of the day when you connect.
194 - if you specify no path name on the remote daemon then the list of accessible
195 paths on the daemon will be shown.
196 - if you specify no local destination then a listing of the specified files on
197 the remote daemon is provided.
198 - you must not specify the `--rsh` (`-e`) option (since that overrides the
199 daemon connection to use ssh -- see USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A
200 REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION below).
202 An example that copies all the files in a remote module named "src":
204 > rsync -av host::src /dest
206 Some modules on the remote daemon may require authentication. If so, you will
207 receive a password prompt when you connect. You can avoid the password prompt
208 by setting the environment variable RSYNC_PASSWORD to the password you want to
209 use or using the `--password-file` option. This may be useful when scripting
212 WARNING: On some systems environment variables are visible to all users. On
213 those systems using `--password-file` is recommended.
215 You may establish the connection via a web proxy by setting the environment
216 variable RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to your web proxy. Note
217 that your web proxy's configuration must support proxy connections to port 873.
219 You may also establish a daemon connection using a program as a proxy by
220 setting the environment variable RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG to the commands you wish to
221 run in place of making a direct socket connection. The string may contain the
222 escape "%H" to represent the hostname specified in the rsync command (so use
223 "%%" if you need a single "%" in your string). For example:
225 > export RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG='ssh proxyhost nc %H 873'
226 > rsync -av targethost1::module/src/ /dest/
227 > rsync -av rsync://targethost2/module/src/ /dest/
229 The command specified above uses ssh to run nc (netcat) on a proxyhost, which
230 forwards all data to port 873 (the rsync daemon) on the targethost (%H).
232 Note also that if the RSYNC_SHELL environment variable is set, that program
233 will be used to run the RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG command instead of using the default
234 shell of the **system()** call.
236 # USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION
238 It is sometimes useful to use various features of an rsync daemon (such as
239 named modules) without actually allowing any new socket connections into a
240 system (other than what is already required to allow remote-shell access).
241 Rsync supports connecting to a host using a remote shell and then spawning a
242 single-use "daemon" server that expects to read its config file in the home dir
243 of the remote user. This can be useful if you want to encrypt a daemon-style
244 transfer's data, but since the daemon is started up fresh by the remote user,
245 you may not be able to use features such as chroot or change the uid used by
246 the daemon. (For another way to encrypt a daemon transfer, consider using ssh
247 to tunnel a local port to a remote machine and configure a normal rsync daemon
248 on that remote host to only allow connections from "localhost".)
250 From the user's perspective, a daemon transfer via a remote-shell connection
251 uses nearly the same command-line syntax as a normal rsync-daemon transfer,
252 with the only exception being that you must explicitly set the remote shell
253 program on the command-line with the `--rsh=COMMAND` option. (Setting the
254 RSYNC_RSH in the environment will not turn on this functionality.) For example:
256 > rsync -av --rsh=ssh host::module /dest
258 If you need to specify a different remote-shell user, keep in mind that the
259 user@ prefix in front of the host is specifying the rsync-user value (for a
260 module that requires user-based authentication). This means that you must give
261 the '-l user' option to ssh when specifying the remote-shell, as in this
262 example that uses the short version of the `--rsh` option:
264 > rsync -av -e "ssh -l ssh-user" rsync-user@host::module /dest
266 The "ssh-user" will be used at the ssh level; the "rsync-user" will be used to
267 log-in to the "module".
269 # STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS
271 In order to connect to an rsync daemon, the remote system needs to have a
272 daemon already running (or it needs to have configured something like inetd to
273 spawn an rsync daemon for incoming connections on a particular port). For full
274 information on how to start a daemon that will handling incoming socket
275 connections, see the **rsyncd.conf**(5) man page -- that is the config file for
276 the daemon, and it contains the full details for how to run the daemon
277 (including stand-alone and inetd configurations).
279 If you're using one of the remote-shell transports for the transfer, there is
280 no need to manually start an rsync daemon.
282 # SORTED TRANSFER ORDER
284 Rsync always sorts the specified filenames into its internal transfer list.
285 This handles the merging together of the contents of identically named
286 directories, makes it easy to remove duplicate filenames, and may confuse
287 someone when the files are transferred in a different order than what was given
290 If you need a particular file to be transferred prior to another, either
291 separate the files into different rsync calls, or consider using
292 `--delay-updates` (which doesn't affect the sorted transfer order, but does
293 make the final file-updating phase happen much more rapidly).
297 Here are some examples of how I use rsync.
299 To backup my wife's home directory, which consists of large MS Word files and
300 mail folders, I use a cron job that runs
302 > rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup
304 each night over a PPP connection to a duplicate directory on my machine
307 To synchronize my samba source trees I use the following Makefile targets:
310 > rsync -avuzb --exclude '*~' samba:samba/ .
312 > rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/
315 This allows me to sync with a CVS directory at the other end of the connection.
316 I then do CVS operations on the remote machine, which saves a lot of time as
317 the remote CVS protocol isn't very efficient.
319 I mirror a directory between my "old" and "new" ftp sites with the command:
321 > rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~ftp/pub/samba nimbus:"~ftp/pub/tridge"
323 This is launched from cron every few hours.
327 Here is a short summary of the options available in rsync. Please refer to the
328 detailed description below for a complete description.
330 [comment]: # (help-rsync.h)
331 [comment]: # (Keep these short enough that they'll be under 80 chars when indented by 7 chars.)
334 --verbose, -v increase verbosity
335 --info=FLAGS fine-grained informational verbosity
336 --debug=FLAGS fine-grained debug verbosity
337 --stderr=e|a|c change stderr output mode (default: errors)
338 --quiet, -q suppress non-error messages
339 --no-motd suppress daemon-mode MOTD
340 --checksum, -c skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size
341 --archive, -a archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)
342 --no-OPTION turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D)
343 --recursive, -r recurse into directories
344 --relative, -R use relative path names
345 --no-implied-dirs don't send implied dirs with --relative
346 --backup, -b make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir)
347 --backup-dir=DIR make backups into hierarchy based in DIR
348 --suffix=SUFFIX backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir)
349 --update, -u skip files that are newer on the receiver
350 --inplace update destination files in-place
351 --append append data onto shorter files
352 --append-verify --append w/old data in file checksum
353 --dirs, -d transfer directories without recursing
354 --mkpath create the destination's path component
355 --links, -l copy symlinks as symlinks
356 --copy-links, -L transform symlink into referent file/dir
357 --copy-unsafe-links only "unsafe" symlinks are transformed
358 --safe-links ignore symlinks that point outside the tree
359 --munge-links munge symlinks to make them safe & unusable
360 --copy-dirlinks, -k transform symlink to dir into referent dir
361 --keep-dirlinks, -K treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir
362 --hard-links, -H preserve hard links
363 --perms, -p preserve permissions
364 --executability, -E preserve executability
365 --chmod=CHMOD affect file and/or directory permissions
366 --acls, -A preserve ACLs (implies --perms)
367 --xattrs, -X preserve extended attributes
368 --owner, -o preserve owner (super-user only)
369 --group, -g preserve group
370 --devices preserve device files (super-user only)
371 --specials preserve special files
372 -D same as --devices --specials
373 --times, -t preserve modification times
374 --atimes, -U preserve access (use) times
375 --open-noatime avoid changing the atime on opened files
376 --crtimes, -N preserve create times (newness)
377 --omit-dir-times, -O omit directories from --times
378 --omit-link-times, -J omit symlinks from --times
379 --super receiver attempts super-user activities
380 --fake-super store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs
381 --sparse, -S turn sequences of nulls into sparse blocks
382 --preallocate allocate dest files before writing them
383 --write-devices write to devices as files (implies --inplace)
384 --dry-run, -n perform a trial run with no changes made
385 --whole-file, -W copy files whole (w/o delta-xfer algorithm)
386 --checksum-choice=STR choose the checksum algorithm (aka --cc)
387 --one-file-system, -x don't cross filesystem boundaries
388 --block-size=SIZE, -B force a fixed checksum block-size
389 --rsh=COMMAND, -e specify the remote shell to use
390 --rsync-path=PROGRAM specify the rsync to run on remote machine
391 --existing skip creating new files on receiver
392 --ignore-existing skip updating files that exist on receiver
393 --remove-source-files sender removes synchronized files (non-dir)
394 --del an alias for --delete-during
395 --delete delete extraneous files from dest dirs
396 --delete-before receiver deletes before xfer, not during
397 --delete-during receiver deletes during the transfer
398 --delete-delay find deletions during, delete after
399 --delete-after receiver deletes after transfer, not during
400 --delete-excluded also delete excluded files from dest dirs
401 --ignore-missing-args ignore missing source args without error
402 --delete-missing-args delete missing source args from destination
403 --ignore-errors delete even if there are I/O errors
404 --force force deletion of dirs even if not empty
405 --max-delete=NUM don't delete more than NUM files
406 --max-size=SIZE don't transfer any file larger than SIZE
407 --min-size=SIZE don't transfer any file smaller than SIZE
408 --max-alloc=SIZE change a limit relating to memory alloc
409 --partial keep partially transferred files
410 --partial-dir=DIR put a partially transferred file into DIR
411 --delay-updates put all updated files into place at end
412 --prune-empty-dirs, -m prune empty directory chains from file-list
413 --numeric-ids don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
414 --usermap=STRING custom username mapping
415 --groupmap=STRING custom groupname mapping
416 --chown=USER:GROUP simple username/groupname mapping
417 --timeout=SECONDS set I/O timeout in seconds
418 --contimeout=SECONDS set daemon connection timeout in seconds
419 --ignore-times, -I don't skip files that match size and time
420 --size-only skip files that match in size
421 --modify-window=NUM, -@ set the accuracy for mod-time comparisons
422 --temp-dir=DIR, -T create temporary files in directory DIR
423 --fuzzy, -y find similar file for basis if no dest file
424 --compare-dest=DIR also compare destination files relative to DIR
425 --copy-dest=DIR ... and include copies of unchanged files
426 --link-dest=DIR hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged
427 --compress, -z compress file data during the transfer
428 --compress-choice=STR choose the compression algorithm (aka --zc)
429 --compress-level=NUM explicitly set compression level (aka --zl)
430 --skip-compress=LIST skip compressing files with suffix in LIST
431 --cvs-exclude, -C auto-ignore files in the same way CVS does
432 --filter=RULE, -f add a file-filtering RULE
433 -F same as --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
434 repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter'
435 --exclude=PATTERN exclude files matching PATTERN
436 --exclude-from=FILE read exclude patterns from FILE
437 --include=PATTERN don't exclude files matching PATTERN
438 --include-from=FILE read include patterns from FILE
439 --files-from=FILE read list of source-file names from FILE
440 --from0, -0 all *-from/filter files are delimited by 0s
441 --protect-args, -s no space-splitting; wildcard chars only
442 --copy-as=USER[:GROUP] specify user & optional group for the copy
443 --address=ADDRESS bind address for outgoing socket to daemon
444 --port=PORT specify double-colon alternate port number
445 --sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options
446 --blocking-io use blocking I/O for the remote shell
447 --outbuf=N|L|B set out buffering to None, Line, or Block
448 --stats give some file-transfer stats
449 --8-bit-output, -8 leave high-bit chars unescaped in output
450 --human-readable, -h output numbers in a human-readable format
451 --progress show progress during transfer
452 -P same as --partial --progress
453 --itemize-changes, -i output a change-summary for all updates
454 --remote-option=OPT, -M send OPTION to the remote side only
455 --out-format=FORMAT output updates using the specified FORMAT
456 --log-file=FILE log what we're doing to the specified FILE
457 --log-file-format=FMT log updates using the specified FMT
458 --password-file=FILE read daemon-access password from FILE
459 --early-input=FILE use FILE for daemon's early exec input
460 --list-only list the files instead of copying them
461 --bwlimit=RATE limit socket I/O bandwidth
462 --stop-after=MINS Stop rsync after MINS minutes have elapsed
463 --stop-at=y-m-dTh:m Stop rsync at the specified point in time
464 --write-batch=FILE write a batched update to FILE
465 --only-write-batch=FILE like --write-batch but w/o updating dest
466 --read-batch=FILE read a batched update from FILE
467 --protocol=NUM force an older protocol version to be used
468 --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC request charset conversion of filenames
469 --checksum-seed=NUM set block/file checksum seed (advanced)
470 --ipv4, -4 prefer IPv4
471 --ipv6, -6 prefer IPv6
472 --version, -V print the version + other info and exit
473 --help, -h (*) show this help (* -h is help only on its own)
476 Rsync can also be run as a daemon, in which case the following options are
479 [comment]: # (help-rsyncd.h)
482 --daemon run as an rsync daemon
483 --address=ADDRESS bind to the specified address
484 --bwlimit=RATE limit socket I/O bandwidth
485 --config=FILE specify alternate rsyncd.conf file
486 --dparam=OVERRIDE, -M override global daemon config parameter
487 --no-detach do not detach from the parent
488 --port=PORT listen on alternate port number
489 --log-file=FILE override the "log file" setting
490 --log-file-format=FMT override the "log format" setting
491 --sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options
492 --verbose, -v increase verbosity
493 --ipv4, -4 prefer IPv4
494 --ipv6, -6 prefer IPv6
495 --help, -h show this help (when used with --daemon)
500 Rsync accepts both long (double-dash + word) and short (single-dash + letter)
501 options. The full list of the available options are described below. If an
502 option can be specified in more than one way, the choices are comma-separated.
503 Some options only have a long variant, not a short. If the option takes a
504 parameter, the parameter is only listed after the long variant, even though it
505 must also be specified for the short. When specifying a parameter, you can
506 either use the form `--option=param` or replace the '=' with whitespace. The
507 parameter may need to be quoted in some manner for it to survive the shell's
508 command-line parsing. Keep in mind that a leading tilde (`~`) in a filename is
509 substituted by your shell, so `--option=~/foo` will not change the tilde into
510 your home directory (remove the '=' for that).
512 [comment]: # (An OL starting at 0 is converted into a DL by the parser.)
514 0. `--help`, `-h` `(*)`
516 Print a short help page describing the options available in rsync and exit.
517 (*) The `-h` short option will only invoke `--help` when used without other
518 options since it normally means `--human-readable`.
522 Print the rsync version plus other info and exit.
524 The output includes the default list of checksum algorithms, the default
525 list of compression algorithms, a list of compiled-in capabilities, a link
526 to the rsync web site, and some license/copyright info.
530 This option increases the amount of information you are given during the
531 transfer. By default, rsync works silently. A single `-v` will give you
532 information about what files are being transferred and a brief summary at
533 the end. Two `-v` options will give you information on what files are
534 being skipped and slightly more information at the end. More than two `-v`
535 options should only be used if you are debugging rsync.
537 In a modern rsync, the `-v` option is equivalent to the setting of groups
538 of `--info` and `--debug` options. You can choose to use these newer
539 options in addition to, or in place of using `--verbose`, as any
540 fine-grained settings override the implied settings of `-v`. Both `--info`
541 and `--debug` have a way to ask for help that tells you exactly what flags
542 are set for each increase in verbosity.
544 However, do keep in mind that a daemon's "`max verbosity`" setting will limit
545 how high of a level the various individual flags can be set on the daemon
546 side. For instance, if the max is 2, then any info and/or debug flag that
547 is set to a higher value than what would be set by `-vv` will be downgraded
548 to the `-vv` level in the daemon's logging.
552 This option lets you have fine-grained control over the information output
553 you want to see. An individual flag name may be followed by a level
554 number, with 0 meaning to silence that output, 1 being the default output
555 level, and higher numbers increasing the output of that flag (for those
556 that support higher levels). Use `--info=help` to see all the available
557 flag names, what they output, and what flag names are added for each
558 increase in the verbose level. Some examples:
560 > rsync -a --info=progress2 src/ dest/
561 > rsync -avv --info=stats2,misc1,flist0 src/ dest/
563 Note that `--info=name`'s output is affected by the `--out-format` and
564 `--itemize-changes` (`-i`) options. See those options for more information
565 on what is output and when.
567 This option was added to 3.1.0, so an older rsync on the server side might
568 reject your attempts at fine-grained control (if one or more flags needed
569 to be send to the server and the server was too old to understand them).
570 See also the "`max verbosity`" caveat above when dealing with a daemon.
574 This option lets you have fine-grained control over the debug output you
575 want to see. An individual flag name may be followed by a level number,
576 with 0 meaning to silence that output, 1 being the default output level,
577 and higher numbers increasing the output of that flag (for those that
578 support higher levels). Use `--debug=help` to see all the available flag
579 names, what they output, and what flag names are added for each increase in
580 the verbose level. Some examples:
582 > rsync -avvv --debug=none src/ dest/
583 > rsync -avA --del --debug=del2,acl src/ dest/
585 Note that some debug messages will only be output when `--stderr=all` is
586 specified, especially those pertaining to I/O and buffer debugging.
588 Beginning in 3.2.0, this option is no longer auto-forwarded to the server
589 side in order to allow you to specify different debug values for each side
590 of the transfer, as well as to specify a new debug option that is only
591 present in one of the rsync versions. If you want to duplicate the same
592 option on both sides, using brace expansion is an easy way to save you some
593 typing. This works in zsh and bash:
595 > rsync -aiv {-M,}--debug=del2 src/ dest/
597 0. `--stderr=errors|all|client`
599 This option controls which processes output to stderr and if info messages
600 are also changed to stderr. The mode strings can be abbreviated, so feel
601 free to use a single letter value. The 3 possible choices are:
603 - `errors` - (the default) causes all the rsync processes to send an
604 error directly to stderr, even if the process is on the remote side of
605 the transfer. Info messages are sent to the client side via the protocol
606 stream. If stderr is not available (i.e. when directly connecting with a
607 daemon via a socket) errors fall back to being sent via the protocol
610 - `all` - causes all rsync messages (info and error) to get written
611 directly to stderr from all (possible) processes. This causes stderr to
612 become line-buffered (instead of raw) and eliminates the ability to
613 divide up the info and error messages by file handle. For those doing
614 debugging or using several levels of verbosity, this option can help to
615 avoid clogging up the transfer stream (which should prevent any chance of
616 a deadlock bug hanging things up). It also enables the outputting of some
617 I/O related debug messages.
619 - `client` - causes all rsync messages to be sent to the client side
620 via the protocol stream. One client process outputs all messages, with
621 errors on stderr and info messages on stdout. This **was** the default
622 in older rsync versions, but can cause error delays when a lot of
623 transfer data is ahead of the messages. If you're pushing files to an
624 older rsync, you may want to use `--stderr=all` since that idiom has
625 been around for several releases.
627 This option was added in rsync 3.2.3. This version also began the
628 forwarding of a non-default setting to the remote side, though rsync uses
629 the backward-compatible options `--msgs2stderr` and `--no-msgs2stderr` to
630 represent the `all` and `client` settings, respectively. A newer rsync
631 will continue to accept these older option names to maintain compatibility.
635 This option decreases the amount of information you are given during the
636 transfer, notably suppressing information messages from the remote server.
637 This option is useful when invoking rsync from cron.
641 This option affects the information that is output by the client at the
642 start of a daemon transfer. This suppresses the message-of-the-day (MOTD)
643 text, but it also affects the list of modules that the daemon sends in
644 response to the "rsync host::" request (due to a limitation in the rsync
645 protocol), so omit this option if you want to request the list of modules
648 0. `--ignore-times`, `-I`
650 Normally rsync will skip any files that are already the same size and have
651 the same modification timestamp. This option turns off this "quick check"
652 behavior, causing all files to be updated.
656 This modifies rsync's "quick check" algorithm for finding files that need
657 to be transferred, changing it from the default of transferring files with
658 either a changed size or a changed last-modified time to just looking for
659 files that have changed in size. This is useful when starting to use rsync
660 after using another mirroring system which may not preserve timestamps
663 0. `--modify-window=NUM`, `-@`
665 When comparing two timestamps, rsync treats the timestamps as being equal
666 if they differ by no more than the modify-window value. The default is 0,
667 which matches just integer seconds. If you specify a negative value (and
668 the receiver is at least version 3.1.3) then nanoseconds will also be taken
669 into account. Specifying 1 is useful for copies to/from MS Windows FAT
670 filesystems, because FAT represents times with a 2-second resolution
671 (allowing times to differ from the original by up to 1 second).
673 If you want all your transfers to default to comparing nanoseconds, you can
674 create a `~/.popt` file and put these lines in it:
676 > rsync alias -a -a@-1
677 > rsync alias -t -t@-1
679 With that as the default, you'd need to specify `--modify-window=0` (aka
680 `-@0`) to override it and ignore nanoseconds, e.g. if you're copying
681 between ext3 and ext4, or if the receiving rsync is older than 3.1.3.
683 0. `--checksum`, `-c`
685 This changes the way rsync checks if the files have been changed and are in
686 need of a transfer. Without this option, rsync uses a "quick check" that
687 (by default) checks if each file's size and time of last modification match
688 between the sender and receiver. This option changes this to compare a
689 128-bit checksum for each file that has a matching size. Generating the
690 checksums means that both sides will expend a lot of disk I/O reading all
691 the data in the files in the transfer, so this can slow things down
692 significantly (and this is prior to any reading that will be done to
693 transfer changed files)
695 The sending side generates its checksums while it is doing the file-system
696 scan that builds the list of the available files. The receiver generates
697 its checksums when it is scanning for changed files, and will checksum any
698 file that has the same size as the corresponding sender's file: files with
699 either a changed size or a changed checksum are selected for transfer.
701 Note that rsync always verifies that each _transferred_ file was correctly
702 reconstructed on the receiving side by checking a whole-file checksum that
703 is generated as the file is transferred, but that automatic
704 after-the-transfer verification has nothing to do with this option's
705 before-the-transfer "Does this file need to be updated?" check.
707 The checksum used is auto-negotiated between the client and the server, but
708 can be overridden using either the `--checksum-choice` (`--cc`) option or an
709 environment variable that is discussed in that option's section.
713 This is equivalent to `-rlptgoD`. It is a quick way of saying you want
714 recursion and want to preserve almost everything (with `-H` being a notable
715 omission). The only exception to the above equivalence is when
716 `--files-from` is specified, in which case `-r` is not implied.
718 Note that `-a` **does not preserve hardlinks**, because finding
719 multiply-linked files is expensive. You must separately specify `-H`.
723 You may turn off one or more implied options by prefixing the option name
724 with "no-". Not all options may be prefixed with a "no-": only options that
725 are implied by other options (e.g. `--no-D`, `--no-perms`) or have
726 different defaults in various circumstances (e.g. `--no-whole-file`,
727 `--no-blocking-io`, `--no-dirs`). You may specify either the short or the
728 long option name after the "no-" prefix (e.g. `--no-R` is the same as
731 For example: if you want to use `-a` (`--archive`) but don't want `-o`
732 (`--owner`), instead of converting `-a` into `-rlptgD`, you could specify
733 `-a --no-o` (or `-a --no-owner`).
735 The order of the options is important: if you specify `--no-r -a`, the
736 `-r` option would end up being turned on, the opposite of `-a --no-r`.
737 Note also that the side-effects of the `--files-from` option are NOT
738 positional, as it affects the default state of several options and slightly
739 changes the meaning of `-a` (see the `--files-from` option for more
742 0. `--recursive`, `-r`
744 This tells rsync to copy directories recursively. See also `--dirs` (`-d`).
746 Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, the recursive algorithm used is now an
747 incremental scan that uses much less memory than before and begins the
748 transfer after the scanning of the first few directories have been
749 completed. This incremental scan only affects our recursion algorithm, and
750 does not change a non-recursive transfer. It is also only possible when
751 both ends of the transfer are at least version 3.0.0.
753 Some options require rsync to know the full file list, so these options
754 disable the incremental recursion mode. These include: `--delete-before`,
755 `--delete-after`, `--prune-empty-dirs`, and `--delay-updates`. Because of
756 this, the default delete mode when you specify `--delete` is now
757 `--delete-during` when both ends of the connection are at least 3.0.0 (use
758 `--del` or `--delete-during` to request this improved deletion mode
759 explicitly). See also the `--delete-delay` option that is a better choice
760 than using `--delete-after`.
762 Incremental recursion can be disabled using the `--no-inc-recursive` option
763 or its shorter `--no-i-r` alias.
765 0. `--relative`, `-R`
767 Use relative paths. This means that the full path names specified on the
768 command line are sent to the server rather than just the last parts of the
769 filenames. This is particularly useful when you want to send several
770 different directories at the same time. For example, if you used this
773 > rsync -av /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
775 would create a file named baz.c in /tmp/ on the remote machine. If instead
778 > rsync -avR /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
780 then a file named /tmp/foo/bar/baz.c would be created on the remote
781 machine, preserving its full path. These extra path elements are called
782 "implied directories" (i.e. the "foo" and the "foo/bar" directories in the
785 Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, rsync always sends these implied directories as
786 real directories in the file list, even if a path element is really a
787 symlink on the sending side. This prevents some really unexpected behaviors
788 when copying the full path of a file that you didn't realize had a symlink
789 in its path. If you want to duplicate a server-side symlink, include both
790 the symlink via its path, and referent directory via its real path. If
791 you're dealing with an older rsync on the sending side, you may need to use
792 the `--no-implied-dirs` option.
794 It is also possible to limit the amount of path information that is sent as
795 implied directories for each path you specify. With a modern rsync on the
796 sending side (beginning with 2.6.7), you can insert a dot and a slash into
797 the source path, like this:
799 > rsync -avR /foo/./bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
801 That would create /tmp/bar/baz.c on the remote machine. (Note that the dot
802 must be followed by a slash, so "/foo/." would not be abbreviated.) For
803 older rsync versions, you would need to use a chdir to limit the source
804 path. For example, when pushing files:
806 > (cd /foo; rsync -avR bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/)
808 (Note that the parens put the two commands into a sub-shell, so that the
809 "cd" command doesn't remain in effect for future commands.) If you're
810 pulling files from an older rsync, use this idiom (but only for a
811 non-daemon transfer):
813 > rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /foo; rsync" \
814 > remote:bar/baz.c /tmp/
816 0. `--no-implied-dirs`
818 This option affects the default behavior of the `--relative` option. When
819 it is specified, the attributes of the implied directories from the source
820 names are not included in the transfer. This means that the corresponding
821 path elements on the destination system are left unchanged if they exist,
822 and any missing implied directories are created with default attributes.
823 This even allows these implied path elements to have big differences, such
824 as being a symlink to a directory on the receiving side.
826 For instance, if a command-line arg or a files-from entry told rsync to
827 transfer the file "path/foo/file", the directories "path" and "path/foo"
828 are implied when `--relative` is used. If "path/foo" is a symlink to "bar"
829 on the destination system, the receiving rsync would ordinarily delete
830 "path/foo", recreate it as a directory, and receive the file into the new
831 directory. With `--no-implied-dirs`, the receiving rsync updates
832 "path/foo/file" using the existing path elements, which means that the file
833 ends up being created in "path/bar". Another way to accomplish this link
834 preservation is to use the `--keep-dirlinks` option (which will also affect
835 symlinks to directories in the rest of the transfer).
837 When pulling files from an rsync older than 3.0.0, you may need to use this
838 option if the sending side has a symlink in the path you request and you
839 wish the implied directories to be transferred as normal directories.
843 With this option, preexisting destination files are renamed as each file is
844 transferred or deleted. You can control where the backup file goes and
845 what (if any) suffix gets appended using the `--backup-dir` and `--suffix`
848 Note that if you don't specify `--backup-dir`, (1) the `--omit-dir-times`
849 option will be forced on, and (2) if `--delete` is also in effect (without
850 `--delete-excluded`), rsync will add a "protect" filter-rule for the backup
851 suffix to the end of all your existing excludes (e.g. `-f "P *~"`). This
852 will prevent previously backed-up files from being deleted. Note that if
853 you are supplying your own filter rules, you may need to manually insert
854 your own exclude/protect rule somewhere higher up in the list so that it
855 has a high enough priority to be effective (e.g., if your rules specify a
856 trailing inclusion/exclusion of `*`, the auto-added rule would never be
859 0. `--backup-dir=DIR`
861 This implies the `--backup` option, and tells rsync to store all
862 backups in the specified directory on the receiving side. This can be used
863 for incremental backups. You can additionally specify a backup suffix
864 using the `--suffix` option (otherwise the files backed up in the specified
865 directory will keep their original filenames).
867 Note that if you specify a relative path, the backup directory will be
868 relative to the destination directory, so you probably want to specify
869 either an absolute path or a path that starts with "../". If an rsync
870 daemon is the receiver, the backup dir cannot go outside the module's path
871 hierarchy, so take extra care not to delete it or copy into it.
875 This option allows you to override the default backup suffix used with the
876 `--backup` (`-b`) option. The default suffix is a `~` if no `--backup-dir`
877 was specified, otherwise it is an empty string.
881 This forces rsync to skip any files which exist on the destination and have
882 a modified time that is newer than the source file. (If an existing
883 destination file has a modification time equal to the source file's, it
884 will be updated if the sizes are different.)
886 Note that this does not affect the copying of dirs, symlinks, or other
887 special files. Also, a difference of file format between the sender and
888 receiver is always considered to be important enough for an update, no
889 matter what date is on the objects. In other words, if the source has a
890 directory where the destination has a file, the transfer would occur
891 regardless of the timestamps.
893 This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
894 data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
895 It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
899 This option changes how rsync transfers a file when its data needs to be
900 updated: instead of the default method of creating a new copy of the file
901 and moving it into place when it is complete, rsync instead writes the
902 updated data directly to the destination file.
904 This has several effects:
906 - Hard links are not broken. This means the new data will be visible
907 through other hard links to the destination file. Moreover, attempts to
908 copy differing source files onto a multiply-linked destination file will
909 result in a "tug of war" with the destination data changing back and
911 - In-use binaries cannot be updated (either the OS will prevent this from
912 happening, or binaries that attempt to swap-in their data will misbehave
914 - The file's data will be in an inconsistent state during the transfer and
915 will be left that way if the transfer is interrupted or if an update
917 - A file that rsync cannot write to cannot be updated. While a super user
918 can update any file, a normal user needs to be granted write permission
919 for the open of the file for writing to be successful.
920 - The efficiency of rsync's delta-transfer algorithm may be reduced if some
921 data in the destination file is overwritten before it can be copied to a
922 position later in the file. This does not apply if you use `--backup`,
923 since rsync is smart enough to use the backup file as the basis file for
926 WARNING: you should not use this option to update files that are being
927 accessed by others, so be careful when choosing to use this for a copy.
929 This option is useful for transferring large files with block-based changes
930 or appended data, and also on systems that are disk bound, not network
931 bound. It can also help keep a copy-on-write filesystem snapshot from
932 diverging the entire contents of a file that only has minor changes.
934 The option implies `--partial` (since an interrupted transfer does not
935 delete the file), but conflicts with `--partial-dir` and `--delay-updates`.
936 Prior to rsync 2.6.4 `--inplace` was also incompatible with
937 `--compare-dest` and `--link-dest`.
941 This special copy mode only works to efficiently update files that are
942 known to be growing larger where any existing content on the receiving side
943 is also known to be the same as the content on the sender. The use of
944 `--append` **can be dangerous** if you aren't 100% sure that all the files
945 in the transfer are shared, growing files. You should thus use filter
946 rules to ensure that you weed out any files that do not fit this criteria.
948 Rsync updates these growing file in-place without verifying any of the
949 existing content in the file (it only verifies the content that it is
950 appending). Rsync skips any files that exist on the receiving side that
951 are not shorter than the associated file on the sending side (which means
952 that new files are trasnferred).
954 This does not interfere with the updating of a file's non-content
955 attributes (e.g. permissions, ownership, etc.) when the file does not need
956 to be transferred, nor does it affect the updating of any directories or
961 This special copy mode works like `--append` except that all the data in
962 the file is included in the checksum verification (making it much less
963 efficient but also potentially safer). This option **can be dangerous** if
964 you aren't 100% sure that all the files in the transfer are shared, growing
965 files. See the `--append` option for more details.
967 Note: prior to rsync 3.0.0, the `--append` option worked like
968 `--append-verify`, so if you are interacting with an older rsync (or the
969 transfer is using a protocol prior to 30), specifying either append option
970 will initiate an `--append-verify` transfer.
974 Tell the sending side to include any directories that are encountered.
975 Unlike `--recursive`, a directory's contents are not copied unless the
976 directory name specified is "." or ends with a trailing slash (e.g. ".",
977 "dir/.", "dir/", etc.). Without this option or the `--recursive` option,
978 rsync will skip all directories it encounters (and output a message to that
979 effect for each one). If you specify both `--dirs` and `--recursive`,
980 `--recursive` takes precedence.
982 The `--dirs` option is implied by the `--files-from` option or the
983 `--list-only` option (including an implied `--list-only` usage) if
984 `--recursive` wasn't specified (so that directories are seen in the
985 listing). Specify `--no-dirs` (or `--no-d`) if you want to turn this off.
987 There is also a backward-compatibility helper option, `--old-dirs` (or
988 `--old-d`) that tells rsync to use a hack of `-r --exclude='/*/*'` to get
989 an older rsync to list a single directory without recursing.
993 Create a missing path component of the destination arg. This allows rsync
994 to create multiple levels of missing destination dirs and to create a path
995 in which to put a single renamed file. Keep in mind that you'll need to
996 supply a trailing slash if you want the entire destination path to be
997 treated as a directory when copying a single arg (making rsync behave the
998 same way that it would if the path component of the destination had already
1001 For example, the following creates a copy of file foo as bar in the sub/dir
1002 directory, creating dirs "sub" and "sub/dir" if either do not yet exist:
1004 > rsync -ai --mkpath foo sub/dir/bar
1006 If you instead ran the following, it would have created file foo in the
1007 sub/dir/bar directory:
1009 > rsync -ai --mkpath foo sub/dir/bar/
1013 When symlinks are encountered, recreate the symlink on the destination.
1015 0. `--copy-links`, `-L`
1017 When symlinks are encountered, the item that they point to (the referent)
1018 is copied, rather than the symlink. In older versions of rsync, this
1019 option also had the side-effect of telling the receiving side to follow
1020 symlinks, such as symlinks to directories. In a modern rsync such as this
1021 one, you'll need to specify `--keep-dirlinks` (`-K`) to get this extra
1022 behavior. The only exception is when sending files to an rsync that is too
1023 old to understand `-K` -- in that case, the `-L` option will still have the
1024 side-effect of `-K` on that older receiving rsync.
1026 0. `--copy-unsafe-links`
1028 This tells rsync to copy the referent of symbolic links that point outside
1029 the copied tree. Absolute symlinks are also treated like ordinary files,
1030 and so are any symlinks in the source path itself when `--relative` is
1031 used. This option has no additional effect if `--copy-links` was also
1034 Note that the cut-off point is the top of the transfer, which is the part
1035 of the path that rsync isn't mentioning in the verbose output. If you copy
1036 "/src/subdir" to "/dest/" then the "subdir" directory is a name inside the
1037 transfer tree, not the top of the transfer (which is /src) so it is legal
1038 for created relative symlinks to refer to other names inside the /src and
1039 /dest directories. If you instead copy "/src/subdir/" (with a trailing
1040 slash) to "/dest/subdir" that would not allow symlinks to any files outside
1045 This tells rsync to ignore any symbolic links which point outside the
1046 copied tree. All absolute symlinks are also ignored. Using this option in
1047 conjunction with `--relative` may give unexpected results.
1051 This option tells rsync to (1) modify all symlinks on the receiving side in
1052 a way that makes them unusable but recoverable (see below), or (2) to
1053 unmunge symlinks on the sending side that had been stored in a munged
1054 state. This is useful if you don't quite trust the source of the data to
1055 not try to slip in a symlink to a unexpected place.
1057 The way rsync disables the use of symlinks is to prefix each one with the
1058 string "/rsyncd-munged/". This prevents the links from being used as long
1059 as that directory does not exist. When this option is enabled, rsync will
1060 refuse to run if that path is a directory or a symlink to a directory.
1062 The option only affects the client side of the transfer, so if you need it
1063 to affect the server, specify it via `--remote-option`. (Note that in a
1064 local transfer, the client side is the sender.)
1066 This option has no affect on a daemon, since the daemon configures whether
1067 it wants munged symlinks via its "`munge symlinks`" parameter. See also the
1068 "munge-symlinks" perl script in the support directory of the source code.
1070 0. `--copy-dirlinks`, `-k`
1072 This option causes the sending side to treat a symlink to a directory as
1073 though it were a real directory. This is useful if you don't want symlinks
1074 to non-directories to be affected, as they would be using `--copy-links`.
1076 Without this option, if the sending side has replaced a directory with a
1077 symlink to a directory, the receiving side will delete anything that is in
1078 the way of the new symlink, including a directory hierarchy (as long as
1079 `--force` or `--delete` is in effect).
1081 See also `--keep-dirlinks` for an analogous option for the receiving side.
1083 `--copy-dirlinks` applies to all symlinks to directories in the source. If
1084 you want to follow only a few specified symlinks, a trick you can use is to
1085 pass them as additional source args with a trailing slash, using
1086 `--relative` to make the paths match up right. For example:
1088 > rsync -r --relative src/./ src/./follow-me/ dest/
1090 This works because rsync calls **lstat**(2) on the source arg as given, and
1091 the trailing slash makes **lstat**(2) follow the symlink, giving rise to a
1092 directory in the file-list which overrides the symlink found during the
1095 0. `--keep-dirlinks`, `-K`
1097 This option causes the receiving side to treat a symlink to a directory as
1098 though it were a real directory, but only if it matches a real directory
1099 from the sender. Without this option, the receiver's symlink would be
1100 deleted and replaced with a real directory.
1102 For example, suppose you transfer a directory "foo" that contains a file
1103 "file", but "foo" is a symlink to directory "bar" on the receiver. Without
1104 `--keep-dirlinks`, the receiver deletes symlink "foo", recreates it as a
1105 directory, and receives the file into the new directory. With
1106 `--keep-dirlinks`, the receiver keeps the symlink and "file" ends up in
1109 One note of caution: if you use `--keep-dirlinks`, you must trust all the
1110 symlinks in the copy! If it is possible for an untrusted user to create
1111 their own symlink to any directory, the user could then (on a subsequent
1112 copy) replace the symlink with a real directory and affect the content of
1113 whatever directory the symlink references. For backup copies, you are
1114 better off using something like a bind mount instead of a symlink to modify
1115 your receiving hierarchy.
1117 See also `--copy-dirlinks` for an analogous option for the sending side.
1119 0. `--hard-links`, `-H`
1121 This tells rsync to look for hard-linked files in the source and link
1122 together the corresponding files on the destination. Without this option,
1123 hard-linked files in the source are treated as though they were separate
1126 This option does NOT necessarily ensure that the pattern of hard links on
1127 the destination exactly matches that on the source. Cases in which the
1128 destination may end up with extra hard links include the following:
1130 - If the destination contains extraneous hard-links (more linking than what
1131 is present in the source file list), the copying algorithm will not break
1132 them explicitly. However, if one or more of the paths have content
1133 differences, the normal file-update process will break those extra links
1134 (unless you are using the `--inplace` option).
1135 - If you specify a `--link-dest` directory that contains hard links, the
1136 linking of the destination files against the `--link-dest` files can
1137 cause some paths in the destination to become linked together due to the
1138 `--link-dest` associations.
1140 Note that rsync can only detect hard links between files that are inside
1141 the transfer set. If rsync updates a file that has extra hard-link
1142 connections to files outside the transfer, that linkage will be broken. If
1143 you are tempted to use the `--inplace` option to avoid this breakage, be
1144 very careful that you know how your files are being updated so that you are
1145 certain that no unintended changes happen due to lingering hard links (and
1146 see the `--inplace` option for more caveats).
1148 If incremental recursion is active (see `--recursive`), rsync may transfer
1149 a missing hard-linked file before it finds that another link for that
1150 contents exists elsewhere in the hierarchy. This does not affect the
1151 accuracy of the transfer (i.e. which files are hard-linked together), just
1152 its efficiency (i.e. copying the data for a new, early copy of a
1153 hard-linked file that could have been found later in the transfer in
1154 another member of the hard-linked set of files). One way to avoid this
1155 inefficiency is to disable incremental recursion using the
1156 `--no-inc-recursive` option.
1160 This option causes the receiving rsync to set the destination permissions
1161 to be the same as the source permissions. (See also the `--chmod` option
1162 for a way to modify what rsync considers to be the source permissions.)
1164 When this option is _off_, permissions are set as follows:
1166 - Existing files (including updated files) retain their existing
1167 permissions, though the `--executability` option might change just the
1168 execute permission for the file.
1169 - New files get their "normal" permission bits set to the source file's
1170 permissions masked with the receiving directory's default permissions
1171 (either the receiving process's umask, or the permissions specified via
1172 the destination directory's default ACL), and their special permission
1173 bits disabled except in the case where a new directory inherits a setgid
1174 bit from its parent directory.
1176 Thus, when `--perms` and `--executability` are both disabled, rsync's
1177 behavior is the same as that of other file-copy utilities, such as **cp**(1)
1180 In summary: to give destination files (both old and new) the source
1181 permissions, use `--perms`. To give new files the destination-default
1182 permissions (while leaving existing files unchanged), make sure that the
1183 `--perms` option is off and use `--chmod=ugo=rwX` (which ensures that all
1184 non-masked bits get enabled). If you'd care to make this latter behavior
1185 easier to type, you could define a popt alias for it, such as putting this
1186 line in the file `~/.popt` (the following defines the `-Z` option, and
1187 includes `--no-g` to use the default group of the destination dir):
1189 > rsync alias -Z --no-p --no-g --chmod=ugo=rwX
1191 You could then use this new option in a command such as this one:
1193 > rsync -avZ src/ dest/
1195 (Caveat: make sure that `-a` does not follow `-Z`, or it will re-enable the
1196 two `--no-*` options mentioned above.)
1198 The preservation of the destination's setgid bit on newly-created
1199 directories when `--perms` is off was added in rsync 2.6.7. Older rsync
1200 versions erroneously preserved the three special permission bits for
1201 newly-created files when `--perms` was off, while overriding the
1202 destination's setgid bit setting on a newly-created directory. Default ACL
1203 observance was added to the ACL patch for rsync 2.6.7, so older (or
1204 non-ACL-enabled) rsyncs use the umask even if default ACLs are present.
1205 (Keep in mind that it is the version of the receiving rsync that affects
1208 0. `--executability`, `-E`
1210 This option causes rsync to preserve the executability (or
1211 non-executability) of regular files when `--perms` is not enabled. A
1212 regular file is considered to be executable if at least one 'x' is turned
1213 on in its permissions. When an existing destination file's executability
1214 differs from that of the corresponding source file, rsync modifies the
1215 destination file's permissions as follows:
1217 - To make a file non-executable, rsync turns off all its 'x' permissions.
1218 - To make a file executable, rsync turns on each 'x' permission that has a
1219 corresponding 'r' permission enabled.
1221 If `--perms` is enabled, this option is ignored.
1225 This option causes rsync to update the destination ACLs to be the same as
1226 the source ACLs. The option also implies `--perms`.
1228 The source and destination systems must have compatible ACL entries for
1229 this option to work properly. See the `--fake-super` option for a way to
1230 backup and restore ACLs that are not compatible.
1234 This option causes rsync to update the destination extended attributes to
1235 be the same as the source ones.
1237 For systems that support extended-attribute namespaces, a copy being done
1238 by a super-user copies all namespaces except system.\*. A normal user only
1239 copies the user.\* namespace. To be able to backup and restore non-user
1240 namespaces as a normal user, see the `--fake-super` option.
1242 The above name filtering can be overridden by using one or more filter
1243 options with the **x** modifier. When you specify an xattr-affecting
1244 filter rule, rsync requires that you do your own system/user filtering, as
1245 well as any additional filtering for what xattr names are copied and what
1246 names are allowed to be deleted. For example, to skip the system
1247 namespace, you could specify:
1249 > --filter='-x system.*'
1251 To skip all namespaces except the user namespace, you could specify a
1254 > --filter='-x! user.*'
1256 To prevent any attributes from being deleted, you could specify a
1257 receiver-only rule that excludes all names:
1261 Note that the `-X` option does not copy rsync's special xattr values (e.g.
1262 those used by `--fake-super`) unless you repeat the option (e.g. `-XX`).
1263 This "copy all xattrs" mode cannot be used with `--fake-super`.
1267 This option tells rsync to apply one or more comma-separated "chmod" modes
1268 to the permission of the files in the transfer. The resulting value is
1269 treated as though it were the permissions that the sending side supplied
1270 for the file, which means that this option can seem to have no effect on
1271 existing files if `--perms` is not enabled.
1273 In addition to the normal parsing rules specified in the **chmod**(1)
1274 manpage, you can specify an item that should only apply to a directory by
1275 prefixing it with a 'D', or specify an item that should only apply to a
1276 file by prefixing it with a 'F'. For example, the following will ensure
1277 that all directories get marked set-gid, that no files are other-writable,
1278 that both are user-writable and group-writable, and that both have
1279 consistent executability across all bits:
1281 > --chmod=Dg+s,ug+w,Fo-w,+X
1283 Using octal mode numbers is also allowed:
1285 > --chmod=D2775,F664
1287 It is also legal to specify multiple `--chmod` options, as each additional
1288 option is just appended to the list of changes to make.
1290 See the `--perms` and `--executability` options for how the resulting
1291 permission value can be applied to the files in the transfer.
1295 This option causes rsync to set the owner of the destination file to be the
1296 same as the source file, but only if the receiving rsync is being run as
1297 the super-user (see also the `--super` and `--fake-super` options). Without
1298 this option, the owner of new and/or transferred files are set to the
1299 invoking user on the receiving side.
1301 The preservation of ownership will associate matching names by default, but
1302 may fall back to using the ID number in some circumstances (see also the
1303 `--numeric-ids` option for a full discussion).
1307 This option causes rsync to set the group of the destination file to be the
1308 same as the source file. If the receiving program is not running as the
1309 super-user (or if `--no-super` was specified), only groups that the
1310 invoking user on the receiving side is a member of will be preserved.
1311 Without this option, the group is set to the default group of the invoking
1312 user on the receiving side.
1314 The preservation of group information will associate matching names by
1315 default, but may fall back to using the ID number in some circumstances
1316 (see also the `--numeric-ids` option for a full discussion).
1320 This option causes rsync to transfer character and block device files to
1321 the remote system to recreate these devices. This option has no effect if
1322 the receiving rsync is not run as the super-user (see also the `--super`
1323 and `--fake-super` options).
1327 This option causes rsync to transfer special files such as named sockets
1332 The `-D` option is equivalent to `--devices --specials`.
1334 0. `--write-devices`
1336 This tells rsync to treat a device on the receiving side as a regular file,
1337 allowing the writing of file data into a device.
1339 This option implies the `--inplace` option.
1341 Be careful using this, as you should know what devices are present on the
1342 receiving side of the transfer, especially if running rsync as root.
1344 This option is refused by an rsync daemon.
1348 This tells rsync to transfer modification times along with the files and
1349 update them on the remote system. Note that if this option is not used,
1350 the optimization that excludes files that have not been modified cannot be
1351 effective; in other words, a missing `-t` or `-a` will cause the next
1352 transfer to behave as if it used `-I`, causing all files to be updated
1353 (though rsync's delta-transfer algorithm will make the update fairly
1354 efficient if the files haven't actually changed, you're much better off
1359 This tells rsync to set the access (use) times of the destination files to
1360 the same value as the source files.
1362 If repeated, it also sets the `--open-noatime` option, which can help you
1363 to make the sending and receiving systems have the same access times on the
1364 transferred files without needing to run rsync an extra time after a file
1367 Note that some older rsync versions (prior to 3.2.0) may have been built
1368 with a pre-release `--atimes` patch that does not imply `--open-noatime`
1369 when this option is repeated.
1373 This tells rsync to open files with the O_NOATIME flag (on systems that
1374 support it) to avoid changing the access time of the files that are being
1375 transferred. If your OS does not support the O_NOATIME flag then rsync
1376 will silently ignore this option. Note also that some filesystems are
1377 mounted to avoid updating the atime on read access even without the
1378 O_NOATIME flag being set.
1380 0. `--crtimes`, `-N,`
1382 This tells rsync to set the create times (newness) of the destination
1383 files to the same value as the source files.
1385 0. `--omit-dir-times`, `-O`
1387 This tells rsync to omit directories when it is preserving modification
1388 times (see `--times`). If NFS is sharing the directories on the receiving
1389 side, it is a good idea to use `-O`. This option is inferred if you use
1390 `--backup` without `--backup-dir`.
1392 This option also has the side-effect of avoiding early creation of
1393 directories in incremental recursion copies. The default `--inc-recursive`
1394 copying normally does an early-create pass of all the sub-directories in a
1395 parent directory in order for it to be able to then set the modify time of
1396 the parent directory right away (without having to delay that until a bunch
1397 of recursive copying has finished). This early-create idiom is not
1398 necessary if directory modify times are not being preserved, so it is
1399 skipped. Since early-create directories don't have accurate mode, mtime,
1400 or ownership, the use of this option can help when someone wants to avoid
1401 these partially-finished directories.
1403 0. `--omit-link-times`, `-J`
1405 This tells rsync to omit symlinks when it is preserving modification times
1410 This tells the receiving side to attempt super-user activities even if the
1411 receiving rsync wasn't run by the super-user. These activities include:
1412 preserving users via the `--owner` option, preserving all groups (not just
1413 the current user's groups) via the `--groups` option, and copying devices
1414 via the `--devices` option. This is useful for systems that allow such
1415 activities without being the super-user, and also for ensuring that you
1416 will get errors if the receiving side isn't being run as the super-user.
1417 To turn off super-user activities, the super-user can use `--no-super`.
1421 When this option is enabled, rsync simulates super-user activities by
1422 saving/restoring the privileged attributes via special extended attributes
1423 that are attached to each file (as needed). This includes the file's owner
1424 and group (if it is not the default), the file's device info (device &
1425 special files are created as empty text files), and any permission bits
1426 that we won't allow to be set on the real file (e.g. the real file gets
1427 u-s,g-s,o-t for safety) or that would limit the owner's access (since the
1428 real super-user can always access/change a file, the files we create can
1429 always be accessed/changed by the creating user). This option also handles
1430 ACLs (if `--acls` was specified) and non-user extended attributes (if
1431 `--xattrs` was specified).
1433 This is a good way to backup data without using a super-user, and to store
1434 ACLs from incompatible systems.
1436 The `--fake-super` option only affects the side where the option is used.
1437 To affect the remote side of a remote-shell connection, use the
1438 `--remote-option` (`-M`) option:
1440 > rsync -av -M--fake-super /src/ host:/dest/
1442 For a local copy, this option affects both the source and the destination.
1443 If you wish a local copy to enable this option just for the destination
1444 files, specify `-M--fake-super`. If you wish a local copy to enable this
1445 option just for the source files, combine `--fake-super` with `-M--super`.
1447 This option is overridden by both `--super` and `--no-super`.
1449 See also the "`fake super`" setting in the daemon's rsyncd.conf file.
1453 Try to handle sparse files efficiently so they take up less space on the
1454 destination. If combined with `--inplace` the file created might not end
1455 up with sparse blocks with some combinations of kernel version and/or
1456 filesystem type. If `--whole-file` is in effect (e.g. for a local copy)
1457 then it will always work because rsync truncates the file prior to writing
1458 out the updated version.
1460 Note that versions of rsync older than 3.1.3 will reject the combination of
1461 `--sparse` and `--inplace`.
1465 This tells the receiver to allocate each destination file to its eventual
1466 size before writing data to the file. Rsync will only use the real
1467 filesystem-level preallocation support provided by Linux's **fallocate**(2)
1468 system call or Cygwin's **posix_fallocate**(3), not the slow glibc
1469 implementation that writes a null byte into each block.
1471 Without this option, larger files may not be entirely contiguous on the
1472 filesystem, but with this option rsync will probably copy more slowly. If
1473 the destination is not an extent-supporting filesystem (such as ext4, xfs,
1474 NTFS, etc.), this option may have no positive effect at all.
1476 If combined with `--sparse`, the file will only have sparse blocks (as
1477 opposed to allocated sequences of null bytes) if the kernel version and
1478 filesystem type support creating holes in the allocated data.
1480 0. `--dry-run`, `-n`
1482 This makes rsync perform a trial run that doesn't make any changes (and
1483 produces mostly the same output as a real run). It is most commonly used
1484 in combination with the `--verbose`, `-v` and/or `--itemize-changes`, `-i`
1485 options to see what an rsync command is going to do before one actually
1488 The output of `--itemize-changes` is supposed to be exactly the same on a
1489 dry run and a subsequent real run (barring intentional trickery and system
1490 call failures); if it isn't, that's a bug. Other output should be mostly
1491 unchanged, but may differ in some areas. Notably, a dry run does not send
1492 the actual data for file transfers, so `--progress` has no effect, the
1493 "bytes sent", "bytes received", "literal data", and "matched data"
1494 statistics are too small, and the "speedup" value is equivalent to a run
1495 where no file transfers were needed.
1497 0. `--whole-file`, `-W`
1499 This option disables rsync's delta-transfer algorithm, which causes all
1500 transferred files to be sent whole. The transfer may be faster if this
1501 option is used when the bandwidth between the source and destination
1502 machines is higher than the bandwidth to disk (especially when the "disk"
1503 is actually a networked filesystem). This is the default when both the
1504 source and destination are specified as local paths, but only if no
1505 batch-writing option is in effect.
1507 0. `--checksum-choice=STR`, `--cc=STR`
1509 This option overrides the checksum algorithms. If one algorithm name is
1510 specified, it is used for both the transfer checksums and (assuming
1511 `--checksum` is specified) the pre-transfer checksums. If two
1512 comma-separated names are supplied, the first name affects the transfer
1513 checksums, and the second name affects the pre-transfer checksums (`-c`).
1515 The checksum options that you may be able to use are:
1517 - `auto` (the default automatic choice)
1520 - `xxh64` (aka `xxhash`)
1525 Run `rsync --version` to see the default checksum list compiled into your
1526 version (which may differ from the list above).
1528 If "none" is specified for the first (or only) name, the `--whole-file`
1529 option is forced on and no checksum verification is performed on the
1530 transferred data. If "none" is specified for the second (or only) name,
1531 the `--checksum` option cannot be used.
1533 The "auto" option is the default, where rsync bases its algorithm choice on
1534 a negotiation between the client and the server as follows:
1536 When both sides of the transfer are at least 3.2.0, rsync chooses the first
1537 algorithm in the client's list of choices that is also in the server's list
1538 of choices. If no common checksum choice is found, rsync exits with
1539 an error. If the remote rsync is too old to support checksum negotiation,
1540 a value is chosen based on the protocol version (which chooses between MD5
1541 and various flavors of MD4 based on protocol age).
1543 The default order can be customized by setting the environment variable
1544 RSYNC_CHECKSUM_LIST to a space-separated list of acceptable checksum names.
1545 If the string contains a "`&`" character, it is separated into the "client
1546 string & server string", otherwise the same string
1547 applies to both. If the string (or string portion) contains no
1548 non-whitespace characters, the default checksum list is used. This method
1549 does not allow you to specify the transfer checksum separately from the
1550 pre-transfer checksum, and it discards "auto" and all unknown checksum
1551 names. A list with only invalid names results in a failed negotiation.
1553 The use of the `--checksum-choice` option overrides this environment list.
1555 0. `--one-file-system`, `-x`
1557 This tells rsync to avoid crossing a filesystem boundary when recursing.
1558 This does not limit the user's ability to specify items to copy from
1559 multiple filesystems, just rsync's recursion through the hierarchy of each
1560 directory that the user specified, and also the analogous recursion on the
1561 receiving side during deletion. Also keep in mind that rsync treats a
1562 "bind" mount to the same device as being on the same filesystem.
1564 If this option is repeated, rsync omits all mount-point directories from
1565 the copy. Otherwise, it includes an empty directory at each mount-point it
1566 encounters (using the attributes of the mounted directory because those of
1567 the underlying mount-point directory are inaccessible).
1569 If rsync has been told to collapse symlinks (via `--copy-links` or
1570 `--copy-unsafe-links`), a symlink to a directory on another device is
1571 treated like a mount-point. Symlinks to non-directories are unaffected by
1574 0. `--existing`, `--ignore-non-existing`
1576 This tells rsync to skip creating files (including directories) that do not
1577 exist yet on the destination. If this option is combined with the
1578 `--ignore-existing` option, no files will be updated (which can be useful
1579 if all you want to do is delete extraneous files).
1581 This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
1582 data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
1583 It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
1585 0. `--ignore-existing`
1587 This tells rsync to skip updating files that already exist on the
1588 destination (this does _not_ ignore existing directories, or nothing would
1589 get done). See also `--existing`.
1591 This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
1592 data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
1593 It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
1595 This option can be useful for those doing backups using the `--link-dest`
1596 option when they need to continue a backup run that got interrupted. Since
1597 a `--link-dest` run is copied into a new directory hierarchy (when it is
1598 used properly), using `--ignore-existing` will ensure that the
1599 already-handled files don't get tweaked (which avoids a change in
1600 permissions on the hard-linked files). This does mean that this option is
1601 only looking at the existing files in the destination hierarchy itself.
1603 0. `--remove-source-files`
1605 This tells rsync to remove from the sending side the files (meaning
1606 non-directories) that are a part of the transfer and have been successfully
1607 duplicated on the receiving side.
1609 Note that you should only use this option on source files that are
1610 quiescent. If you are using this to move files that show up in a
1611 particular directory over to another host, make sure that the finished
1612 files get renamed into the source directory, not directly written into it,
1613 so that rsync can't possibly transfer a file that is not yet fully written.
1614 If you can't first write the files into a different directory, you should
1615 use a naming idiom that lets rsync avoid transferring files that are not
1616 yet finished (e.g. name the file "foo.new" when it is written, rename it to
1617 "foo" when it is done, and then use the option `--exclude='*.new'` for the
1620 Starting with 3.1.0, rsync will skip the sender-side removal (and output an
1621 error) if the file's size or modify time has not stayed unchanged.
1625 This tells rsync to delete extraneous files from the receiving side (ones
1626 that aren't on the sending side), but only for the directories that are
1627 being synchronized. You must have asked rsync to send the whole directory
1628 (e.g. "`dir`" or "`dir/`") without using a wildcard for the directory's
1629 contents (e.g. "`dir/*`") since the wildcard is expanded by the shell and
1630 rsync thus gets a request to transfer individual files, not the files'
1631 parent directory. Files that are excluded from the transfer are also
1632 excluded from being deleted unless you use the `--delete-excluded` option
1633 or mark the rules as only matching on the sending side (see the
1634 include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES section).
1636 Prior to rsync 2.6.7, this option would have no effect unless `--recursive`
1637 was enabled. Beginning with 2.6.7, deletions will also occur when `--dirs`
1638 (`-d`) is enabled, but only for directories whose contents are being
1641 This option can be dangerous if used incorrectly! It is a very good idea to
1642 first try a run using the `--dry-run` option (`-n`) to see what files are
1643 going to be deleted.
1645 If the sending side detects any I/O errors, then the deletion of any files
1646 at the destination will be automatically disabled. This is to prevent
1647 temporary filesystem failures (such as NFS errors) on the sending side from
1648 causing a massive deletion of files on the destination. You can override
1649 this with the `--ignore-errors` option.
1651 The `--delete` option may be combined with one of the --delete-WHEN options
1652 without conflict, as well as `--delete-excluded`. However, if none of the
1653 `--delete-WHEN` options are specified, rsync will choose the
1654 `--delete-during` algorithm when talking to rsync 3.0.0 or newer, and the
1655 `--delete-before` algorithm when talking to an older rsync. See also
1656 `--delete-delay` and `--delete-after`.
1658 0. `--delete-before`
1660 Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done before the
1661 transfer starts. See `--delete` (which is implied) for more details on
1664 Deleting before the transfer is helpful if the filesystem is tight for
1665 space and removing extraneous files would help to make the transfer
1666 possible. However, it does introduce a delay before the start of the
1667 transfer, and this delay might cause the transfer to timeout (if
1668 `--timeout` was specified). It also forces rsync to use the old,
1669 non-incremental recursion algorithm that requires rsync to scan all the
1670 files in the transfer into memory at once (see `--recursive`).
1672 0. `--delete-during`, `--del`
1674 Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done incrementally
1675 as the transfer happens. The per-directory delete scan is done right
1676 before each directory is checked for updates, so it behaves like a more
1677 efficient `--delete-before`, including doing the deletions prior to any
1678 per-directory filter files being updated. This option was first added in
1679 rsync version 2.6.4. See `--delete` (which is implied) for more details on
1684 Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be computed during
1685 the transfer (like `--delete-during`), and then removed after the transfer
1686 completes. This is useful when combined with `--delay-updates` and/or
1687 `--fuzzy`, and is more efficient than using `--delete-after` (but can
1688 behave differently, since `--delete-after` computes the deletions in a
1689 separate pass after all updates are done). If the number of removed files
1690 overflows an internal buffer, a temporary file will be created on the
1691 receiving side to hold the names (it is removed while open, so you
1692 shouldn't see it during the transfer). If the creation of the temporary
1693 file fails, rsync will try to fall back to using `--delete-after` (which it
1694 cannot do if `--recursive` is doing an incremental scan). See `--delete`
1695 (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
1699 Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done after the
1700 transfer has completed. This is useful if you are sending new
1701 per-directory merge files as a part of the transfer and you want their
1702 exclusions to take effect for the delete phase of the current transfer. It
1703 also forces rsync to use the old, non-incremental recursion algorithm that
1704 requires rsync to scan all the files in the transfer into memory at once
1705 (see `--recursive`). See `--delete` (which is implied) for more details on
1708 0. `--delete-excluded`
1710 In addition to deleting the files on the receiving side that are not on the
1711 sending side, this tells rsync to also delete any files on the receiving
1712 side that are excluded (see `--exclude`). See the FILTER RULES section for
1713 a way to make individual exclusions behave this way on the receiver, and
1714 for a way to protect files from `--delete-excluded`. See `--delete` (which
1715 is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
1717 0. `--ignore-missing-args`
1719 When rsync is first processing the explicitly requested source files (e.g.
1720 command-line arguments or `--files-from` entries), it is normally an error
1721 if the file cannot be found. This option suppresses that error, and does
1722 not try to transfer the file. This does not affect subsequent
1723 vanished-file errors if a file was initially found to be present and later
1726 0. `--delete-missing-args`
1728 This option takes the behavior of (the implied) `--ignore-missing-args`
1729 option a step farther: each missing arg will become a deletion request of
1730 the corresponding destination file on the receiving side (should it exist).
1731 If the destination file is a non-empty directory, it will only be
1732 successfully deleted if `--force` or `--delete` are in effect. Other than
1733 that, this option is independent of any other type of delete processing.
1735 The missing source files are represented by special file-list entries which
1736 display as a "`*missing`" entry in the `--list-only` output.
1738 0. `--ignore-errors`
1740 Tells `--delete` to go ahead and delete files even when there are I/O
1745 This option tells rsync to delete a non-empty directory when it is to be
1746 replaced by a non-directory. This is only relevant if deletions are not
1747 active (see `--delete` for details).
1749 Note for older rsync versions: `--force` used to still be required when
1750 using `--delete-after`, and it used to be non-functional unless the
1751 `--recursive` option was also enabled.
1753 0. `--max-delete=NUM`
1755 This tells rsync not to delete more than NUM files or directories. If that
1756 limit is exceeded, all further deletions are skipped through the end of the
1757 transfer. At the end, rsync outputs a warning (including a count of the
1758 skipped deletions) and exits with an error code of 25 (unless some more
1759 important error condition also occurred).
1761 Beginning with version 3.0.0, you may specify `--max-delete=0` to be warned
1762 about any extraneous files in the destination without removing any of them.
1763 Older clients interpreted this as "unlimited", so if you don't know what
1764 version the client is, you can use the less obvious `--max-delete=-1` as a
1765 backward-compatible way to specify that no deletions be allowed (though
1766 really old versions didn't warn when the limit was exceeded).
1768 0. `--max-size=SIZE`
1770 This tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that is larger than the
1771 specified SIZE. A numeric value can be suffixed with a string to indicate
1772 the numeric units or left unqualified to specify bytes. Feel free to use a
1773 fractional value along with the units, such as `--max-size=1.5m`.
1775 This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't affect the
1776 data that goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn't affect deletions.
1777 It just limits the files that the receiver requests to be transferred.
1779 The first letter of a units string can be `B` (bytes), `K` (kilo), `M`
1780 (mega), `G` (giga), `T` (tera), or `P` (peta). If the string is a single
1781 char or has "ib" added to it (e.g. "G" or "GiB") then the units are
1782 multiples of 1024. If you use a two-letter suffix that ends with a "B"
1783 (e.g. "kb") then you get units that are multiples of 1000. The string's
1784 letters can be any mix of upper and lower-case that you want to use.
1786 Finally, if the string ends with either "+1" or "-1", it is offset by one
1787 byte in the indicated direction. The largest possible value is usually
1790 Examples: `--max-size=1.5mb-1` is 1499999 bytes, and `--max-size=2g+1` is
1793 Note that rsync versions prior to 3.1.0 did not allow `--max-size=0`.
1795 0. `--min-size=SIZE`
1797 This tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that is smaller than the
1798 specified SIZE, which can help in not transferring small, junk files. See
1799 the `--max-size` option for a description of SIZE and other information.
1801 Note that rsync versions prior to 3.1.0 did not allow `--min-size=0`.
1803 0. `--max-alloc=SIZE`
1805 By default rsync limits an individual malloc/realloc to about 1GB in size.
1806 For most people this limit works just fine and prevents a protocol error
1807 causing rsync to request massive amounts of memory. However, if you have
1808 many millions of files in a transfer, a large amount of server memory, and
1809 you don't want to split up your transfer into multiple parts, you can
1810 increase the per-allocation limit to something larger and rsync will
1811 consume more memory.
1813 Keep in mind that this is not a limit on the total size of allocated
1814 memory. It is a sanity-check value for each individual allocation.
1816 See the `--max-size` option for a description of how SIZE can be specified.
1817 The default suffix if none is given is bytes.
1819 Beginning in 3.2.3, a value of 0 specifies no limit.
1821 You can set a default value using the environment variable RSYNC_MAX_ALLOC
1822 using the same SIZE values as supported by this option. If the remote
1823 rsync doesn't understand the `--max-alloc` option, you can override an
1824 environmental value by specifying `--max-alloc=1g`, which will make rsync
1825 avoid sending the option to the remote side (because "1G" is the default).
1827 0. `--block-size=SIZE`, `-B`
1829 This forces the block size used in rsync's delta-transfer algorithm to a
1830 fixed value. It is normally selected based on the size of each file being
1831 updated. See the technical report for details.
1833 Beginning in 3.2.3 the SIZE can be specified with a suffix as detailed in
1834 the `--max-size` option. Older versions only accepted a byte count.
1836 0. `--rsh=COMMAND`, `-e`
1838 This option allows you to choose an alternative remote shell program to use
1839 for communication between the local and remote copies of rsync. Typically,
1840 rsync is configured to use ssh by default, but you may prefer to use rsh on
1843 If this option is used with `[user@]host::module/path`, then the remote
1844 shell _COMMAND_ will be used to run an rsync daemon on the remote host, and
1845 all data will be transmitted through that remote shell connection, rather
1846 than through a direct socket connection to a running rsync daemon on the
1847 remote host. See the section "USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A
1848 REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" above.
1850 Beginning with rsync 3.2.0, the RSYNC_PORT environment variable will be set
1851 when a daemon connection is being made via a remote-shell connection. It
1852 is set to 0 if the default daemon port is being assumed, or it is set to
1853 the value of the rsync port that was specified via either the `--port`
1854 option or a non-empty port value in an rsync:// URL. This allows the
1855 script to discern if a non-default port is being requested, allowing for
1856 things such as an SSL or stunnel helper script to connect to a default or
1859 Command-line arguments are permitted in COMMAND provided that COMMAND is
1860 presented to rsync as a single argument. You must use spaces (not tabs or
1861 other whitespace) to separate the command and args from each other, and you
1862 can use single- and/or double-quotes to preserve spaces in an argument (but
1863 not backslashes). Note that doubling a single-quote inside a single-quoted
1864 string gives you a single-quote; likewise for double-quotes (though you
1865 need to pay attention to which quotes your shell is parsing and which
1866 quotes rsync is parsing). Some examples:
1869 > -e 'ssh -o "ProxyCommand nohup ssh firewall nc -w1 %h %p"'
1871 (Note that ssh users can alternately customize site-specific connect
1872 options in their .ssh/config file.)
1874 You can also choose the remote shell program using the RSYNC_RSH
1875 environment variable, which accepts the same range of values as `-e`.
1877 See also the `--blocking-io` option which is affected by this option.
1879 0. `--rsync-path=PROGRAM`
1881 Use this to specify what program is to be run on the remote machine to
1882 start-up rsync. Often used when rsync is not in the default remote-shell's
1883 path (e.g. `--rsync-path=/usr/local/bin/rsync`). Note that PROGRAM is run
1884 with the help of a shell, so it can be any program, script, or command
1885 sequence you'd care to run, so long as it does not corrupt the standard-in
1886 & standard-out that rsync is using to communicate.
1888 One tricky example is to set a different default directory on the remote
1889 machine for use with the `--relative` option. For instance:
1891 > rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /a/b && rsync" host:c/d /e/
1893 0. `--remote-option=OPTION`, `-M`
1895 This option is used for more advanced situations where you want certain
1896 effects to be limited to one side of the transfer only. For instance, if
1897 you want to pass `--log-file=FILE` and `--fake-super` to the remote system,
1898 specify it like this:
1900 > rsync -av -M --log-file=foo -M--fake-super src/ dest/
1902 If you want to have an option affect only the local side of a transfer when
1903 it normally affects both sides, send its negation to the remote side. Like
1906 > rsync -av -x -M--no-x src/ dest/
1908 Be cautious using this, as it is possible to toggle an option that will
1909 cause rsync to have a different idea about what data to expect next over
1910 the socket, and that will make it fail in a cryptic fashion.
1912 Note that it is best to use a separate `--remote-option` for each option
1913 you want to pass. This makes your usage compatible with the
1914 `--protect-args` option. If that option is off, any spaces in your remote
1915 options will be split by the remote shell unless you take steps to protect
1918 When performing a local transfer, the "local" side is the sender and the
1919 "remote" side is the receiver.
1921 Note some versions of the popt option-parsing library have a bug in them
1922 that prevents you from using an adjacent arg with an equal in it next to a
1923 short option letter (e.g. `-M--log-file=/tmp/foo`). If this bug affects
1924 your version of popt, you can use the version of popt that is included with
1927 0. `--cvs-exclude`, `-C`
1929 This is a useful shorthand for excluding a broad range of files that you
1930 often don't want to transfer between systems. It uses a similar algorithm
1931 to CVS to determine if a file should be ignored.
1933 The exclude list is initialized to exclude the following items (these
1934 initial items are marked as perishable -- see the FILTER RULES section):
1936 [comment]: # (This list gets used for the default-cvsignore.h file.)
1975 then, files listed in a $HOME/.cvsignore are added to the list and any
1976 files listed in the CVSIGNORE environment variable (all cvsignore names are
1977 delimited by whitespace).
1979 Finally, any file is ignored if it is in the same directory as a .cvsignore
1980 file and matches one of the patterns listed therein. Unlike rsync's
1981 filter/exclude files, these patterns are split on whitespace. See the
1982 **cvs**(1) manual for more information.
1984 If you're combining `-C` with your own `--filter` rules, you should note
1985 that these CVS excludes are appended at the end of your own rules,
1986 regardless of where the `-C` was placed on the command-line. This makes
1987 them a lower priority than any rules you specified explicitly. If you want
1988 to control where these CVS excludes get inserted into your filter rules,
1989 you should omit the `-C` as a command-line option and use a combination of
1990 `--filter=:C` and `--filter=-C` (either on your command-line or by putting
1991 the ":C" and "-C" rules into a filter file with your other rules). The
1992 first option turns on the per-directory scanning for the .cvsignore file.
1993 The second option does a one-time import of the CVS excludes mentioned
1996 0. `--filter=RULE`, `-f`
1998 This option allows you to add rules to selectively exclude certain files
1999 from the list of files to be transferred. This is most useful in
2000 combination with a recursive transfer.
2002 You may use as many `--filter` options on the command line as you like to
2003 build up the list of files to exclude. If the filter contains whitespace,
2004 be sure to quote it so that the shell gives the rule to rsync as a single
2005 argument. The text below also mentions that you can use an underscore to
2006 replace the space that separates a rule from its arg.
2008 See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.
2012 The `-F` option is a shorthand for adding two `--filter` rules to your
2013 command. The first time it is used is a shorthand for this rule:
2015 > --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
2017 This tells rsync to look for per-directory .rsync-filter files that have
2018 been sprinkled through the hierarchy and use their rules to filter the
2019 files in the transfer. If `-F` is repeated, it is a shorthand for this
2022 > --filter='exclude .rsync-filter'
2024 This filters out the .rsync-filter files themselves from the transfer.
2026 See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on how these options
2029 0. `--exclude=PATTERN`
2031 This option is a simplified form of the `--filter` option that defaults to
2032 an exclude rule and does not allow the full rule-parsing syntax of normal
2035 See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.
2037 0. `--exclude-from=FILE`
2039 This option is related to the `--exclude` option, but it specifies a FILE
2040 that contains exclude patterns (one per line). Blank lines in the file and
2041 lines starting with '`;`' or '`#`' are ignored. If _FILE_ is '`-`', the
2042 list will be read from standard input.
2044 0. `--include=PATTERN`
2046 This option is a simplified form of the `--filter` option that defaults to
2047 an include rule and does not allow the full rule-parsing syntax of normal
2050 See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.
2052 0. `--include-from=FILE`
2054 This option is related to the `--include` option, but it specifies a FILE
2055 that contains include patterns (one per line). Blank lines in the file and
2056 lines starting with '`;`' or '`#`' are ignored. If _FILE_ is '`-`', the
2057 list will be read from standard input.
2059 0. `--files-from=FILE`
2061 Using this option allows you to specify the exact list of files to transfer
2062 (as read from the specified FILE or '`-`' for standard input). It also
2063 tweaks the default behavior of rsync to make transferring just the
2064 specified files and directories easier:
2066 - The `--relative` (`-R`) option is implied, which preserves the path
2067 information that is specified for each item in the file (use
2068 `--no-relative` or `--no-R` if you want to turn that off).
2069 - The `--dirs` (`-d`) option is implied, which will create directories
2070 specified in the list on the destination rather than noisily skipping
2071 them (use `--no-dirs` or `--no-d` if you want to turn that off).
2072 - The `--archive` (`-a`) option's behavior does not imply `--recursive`
2073 (`-r`), so specify it explicitly, if you want it.
2074 - These side-effects change the default state of rsync, so the position of
2075 the `--files-from` option on the command-line has no bearing on how other
2076 options are parsed (e.g. `-a` works the same before or after
2077 `--files-from`, as does `--no-R` and all other options).
2079 The filenames that are read from the FILE are all relative to the source
2080 dir -- any leading slashes are removed and no ".." references are allowed
2081 to go higher than the source dir. For example, take this command:
2083 > rsync -a --files-from=/tmp/foo /usr remote:/backup
2085 If /tmp/foo contains the string "bin" (or even "/bin"), the /usr/bin
2086 directory will be created as /backup/bin on the remote host. If it
2087 contains "bin/" (note the trailing slash), the immediate contents of the
2088 directory would also be sent (without needing to be explicitly mentioned in
2089 the file -- this began in version 2.6.4). In both cases, if the `-r`
2090 option was enabled, that dir's entire hierarchy would also be transferred
2091 (keep in mind that `-r` needs to be specified explicitly with
2092 `--files-from`, since it is not implied by `-a`). Also note that the
2093 effect of the (enabled by default) `--relative` option is to duplicate only
2094 the path info that is read from the file -- it does not force the
2095 duplication of the source-spec path (/usr in this case).
2097 In addition, the `--files-from` file can be read from the remote host
2098 instead of the local host if you specify a "host:" in front of the file
2099 (the host must match one end of the transfer). As a short-cut, you can
2100 specify just a prefix of ":" to mean "use the remote end of the transfer".
2103 > rsync -a --files-from=:/path/file-list src:/ /tmp/copy
2105 This would copy all the files specified in the /path/file-list file that
2106 was located on the remote "src" host.
2108 If the `--iconv` and `--protect-args` options are specified and the
2109 `--files-from` filenames are being sent from one host to another, the
2110 filenames will be translated from the sending host's charset to the
2111 receiving host's charset.
2113 NOTE: sorting the list of files in the `--files-from` input helps rsync to
2114 be more efficient, as it will avoid re-visiting the path elements that are
2115 shared between adjacent entries. If the input is not sorted, some path
2116 elements (implied directories) may end up being scanned multiple times, and
2117 rsync will eventually unduplicate them after they get turned into file-list
2122 This tells rsync that the rules/filenames it reads from a file are
2123 terminated by a null ('\\0') character, not a NL, CR, or CR+LF. This
2124 affects `--exclude-from`, `--include-from`, `--files-from`, and any merged
2125 files specified in a `--filter` rule. It does not affect `--cvs-exclude`
2126 (since all names read from a .cvsignore file are split on whitespace).
2128 0. `--protect-args`, `-s`
2130 This option sends all filenames and most options to the remote rsync
2131 without allowing the remote shell to interpret them. This means that
2132 spaces are not split in names, and any non-wildcard special characters are
2133 not translated (such as `~`, `$`, `;`, `&`, etc.). Wildcards are expanded
2134 on the remote host by rsync (instead of the shell doing it).
2136 If you use this option with `--iconv`, the args related to the remote side
2137 will also be translated from the local to the remote character-set. The
2138 translation happens before wild-cards are expanded. See also the
2139 `--files-from` option.
2141 You may also control this option via the RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS environment
2142 variable. If this variable has a non-zero value, this option will be
2143 enabled by default, otherwise it will be disabled by default. Either state
2144 is overridden by a manually specified positive or negative version of this
2145 option (note that `--no-s` and `--no-protect-args` are the negative
2146 versions). Since this option was first introduced in 3.0.0, you'll need to
2147 make sure it's disabled if you ever need to interact with a remote rsync
2148 that is older than that.
2150 Rsync can also be configured (at build time) to have this option enabled by
2151 default (with is overridden by both the environment and the command-line).
2152 Run `rsync --version` to check if this is the case, as it will display
2153 "default protect-args" or "optional protect-args" depending on how it was
2156 This option will eventually become a new default setting at some
2157 as-yet-undetermined point in the future.
2159 0. `--copy-as=USER[:GROUP]`
2161 This option instructs rsync to use the USER and (if specified after a
2162 colon) the GROUP for the copy operations. This only works if the user that
2163 is running rsync has the ability to change users. If the group is not
2164 specified then the user's default groups are used.
2166 This option can help to reduce the risk of an rsync being run as root into
2167 or out of a directory that might have live changes happening to it and you
2168 want to make sure that root-level read or write actions of system files are
2169 not possible. While you could alternatively run all of rsync as the
2170 specified user, sometimes you need the root-level host-access credentials
2171 to be used, so this allows rsync to drop root for the copying part of the
2172 operation after the remote-shell or daemon connection is established.
2174 The option only affects one side of the transfer unless the transfer is
2175 local, in which case it affects both sides. Use the `--remote-option` to
2176 affect the remote side, such as `-M--copy-as=joe`. For a local transfer,
2177 the lsh (or lsh.sh) support file provides a local-shell helper script that
2178 can be used to allow a "localhost:" or "lh:" host-spec to be specified
2179 without needing to setup any remote shells, allowing you to specify remote
2180 options that affect the side of the transfer that is using the host-spec
2181 (and using hostname "lh" avoids the overriding of the remote directory to
2182 the user's home dir).
2184 For example, the following rsync writes the local files as user "joe":
2186 > sudo rsync -aiv --copy-as=joe host1:backups/joe/ /home/joe/
2188 This makes all files owned by user "joe", limits the groups to those that
2189 are available to that user, and makes it impossible for the joe user to do
2190 a timed exploit of the path to induce a change to a file that the joe user
2191 has no permissions to change.
2193 The following command does a local copy into the "dest/" dir as user "joe"
2194 (assuming you've installed support/lsh into a dir on your $PATH):
2196 > sudo rsync -aive lsh -M--copy-as=joe src/ lh:dest/
2198 0. `--temp-dir=DIR`, `-T`
2200 This option instructs rsync to use DIR as a scratch directory when creating
2201 temporary copies of the files transferred on the receiving side. The
2202 default behavior is to create each temporary file in the same directory as
2203 the associated destination file. Beginning with rsync 3.1.1, the temp-file
2204 names inside the specified DIR will not be prefixed with an extra dot
2205 (though they will still have a random suffix added).
2207 This option is most often used when the receiving disk partition does not
2208 have enough free space to hold a copy of the largest file in the transfer.
2209 In this case (i.e. when the scratch directory is on a different disk
2210 partition), rsync will not be able to rename each received temporary file
2211 over the top of the associated destination file, but instead must copy it
2212 into place. Rsync does this by copying the file over the top of the
2213 destination file, which means that the destination file will contain
2214 truncated data during this copy. If this were not done this way (even if
2215 the destination file were first removed, the data locally copied to a
2216 temporary file in the destination directory, and then renamed into place)
2217 it would be possible for the old file to continue taking up disk space (if
2218 someone had it open), and thus there might not be enough room to fit the
2219 new version on the disk at the same time.
2221 If you are using this option for reasons other than a shortage of disk
2222 space, you may wish to combine it with the `--delay-updates` option, which
2223 will ensure that all copied files get put into subdirectories in the
2224 destination hierarchy, awaiting the end of the transfer. If you don't have
2225 enough room to duplicate all the arriving files on the destination
2226 partition, another way to tell rsync that you aren't overly concerned about
2227 disk space is to use the `--partial-dir` option with a relative path;
2228 because this tells rsync that it is OK to stash off a copy of a single file
2229 in a subdir in the destination hierarchy, rsync will use the partial-dir as
2230 a staging area to bring over the copied file, and then rename it into place
2231 from there. (Specifying a `--partial-dir` with an absolute path does not
2232 have this side-effect.)
2236 This option tells rsync that it should look for a basis file for any
2237 destination file that is missing. The current algorithm looks in the same
2238 directory as the destination file for either a file that has an identical
2239 size and modified-time, or a similarly-named file. If found, rsync uses
2240 the fuzzy basis file to try to speed up the transfer.
2242 If the option is repeated, the fuzzy scan will also be done in any matching
2243 alternate destination directories that are specified via `--compare-dest`,
2244 `--copy-dest`, or `--link-dest`.
2246 Note that the use of the `--delete` option might get rid of any potential
2247 fuzzy-match files, so either use `--delete-after` or specify some filename
2248 exclusions if you need to prevent this.
2250 0. `--compare-dest=DIR`
2252 This option instructs rsync to use _DIR_ on the destination machine as an
2253 additional hierarchy to compare destination files against doing transfers
2254 (if the files are missing in the destination directory). If a file is
2255 found in _DIR_ that is identical to the sender's file, the file will NOT be
2256 transferred to the destination directory. This is useful for creating a
2257 sparse backup of just files that have changed from an earlier backup. This
2258 option is typically used to copy into an empty (or newly created)
2261 Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple `--compare-dest` directories may be
2262 provided, which will cause rsync to search the list in the order specified
2263 for an exact match. If a match is found that differs only in attributes, a
2264 local copy is made and the attributes updated. If a match is not found, a
2265 basis file from one of the _DIRs_ will be selected to try to speed up the
2268 If _DIR_ is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.
2269 See also `--copy-dest` and `--link-dest`.
2271 NOTE: beginning with version 3.1.0, rsync will remove a file from a
2272 non-empty destination hierarchy if an exact match is found in one of the
2273 compare-dest hierarchies (making the end result more closely match a fresh
2276 0. `--copy-dest=DIR`
2278 This option behaves like `--compare-dest`, but rsync will also copy
2279 unchanged files found in _DIR_ to the destination directory using a local
2280 copy. This is useful for doing transfers to a new destination while
2281 leaving existing files intact, and then doing a flash-cutover when all
2282 files have been successfully transferred.
2284 Multiple `--copy-dest` directories may be provided, which will cause rsync
2285 to search the list in the order specified for an unchanged file. If a
2286 match is not found, a basis file from one of the _DIRs_ will be selected to
2287 try to speed up the transfer.
2289 If _DIR_ is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.
2290 See also `--compare-dest` and `--link-dest`.
2292 0. `--link-dest=DIR`
2294 This option behaves like `--copy-dest`, but unchanged files are hard linked
2295 from _DIR_ to the destination directory. The files must be identical in
2296 all preserved attributes (e.g. permissions, possibly ownership) in order
2297 for the files to be linked together. An example:
2299 > rsync -av --link-dest=$PWD/prior_dir host:src_dir/ new_dir/
2301 If file's aren't linking, double-check their attributes. Also check if
2302 some attributes are getting forced outside of rsync's control, such a mount
2303 option that squishes root to a single user, or mounts a removable drive
2304 with generic ownership (such as OS X's "Ignore ownership on this volume"
2307 Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple `--link-dest` directories may be
2308 provided, which will cause rsync to search the list in the order specified
2309 for an exact match (there is a limit of 20 such directories). If a match
2310 is found that differs only in attributes, a local copy is made and the
2311 attributes updated. If a match is not found, a basis file from one of the
2312 _DIRs_ will be selected to try to speed up the transfer.
2314 This option works best when copying into an empty destination hierarchy, as
2315 existing files may get their attributes tweaked, and that can affect
2316 alternate destination files via hard-links. Also, itemizing of changes can
2317 get a bit muddled. Note that prior to version 3.1.0, an
2318 alternate-directory exact match would never be found (nor linked into the
2319 destination) when a destination file already exists.
2321 Note that if you combine this option with `--ignore-times`, rsync will not
2322 link any files together because it only links identical files together as a
2323 substitute for transferring the file, never as an additional check after
2324 the file is updated.
2326 If _DIR_ is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.
2327 See also `--compare-dest` and `--copy-dest`.
2329 Note that rsync versions prior to 2.6.1 had a bug that could prevent
2330 `--link-dest` from working properly for a non-super-user when `-o` was
2331 specified (or implied by `-a`). You can work-around this bug by avoiding
2332 the `-o` option when sending to an old rsync.
2334 0. `--compress`, `-z`
2336 With this option, rsync compresses the file data as it is sent to the
2337 destination machine, which reduces the amount of data being transmitted --
2338 something that is useful over a slow connection.
2340 Rsync supports multiple compression methods and will choose one for you
2341 unless you force the choice using the `--compress-choice` (`--zc`) option.
2343 Run `rsync --version` to see the default compress list compiled into your
2346 When both sides of the transfer are at least 3.2.0, rsync chooses the first
2347 algorithm in the client's list of choices that is also in the server's list
2348 of choices. If no common compress choice is found, rsync exits with
2349 an error. If the remote rsync is too old to support checksum negotiation,
2350 its list is assumed to be "zlib".
2352 The default order can be customized by setting the environment variable
2353 RSYNC_COMPRESS_LIST to a space-separated list of acceptable compression
2354 names. If the string contains a "`&`" character, it is separated into the
2355 "client string & server string", otherwise the same string applies to both.
2356 If the string (or string portion) contains no
2357 non-whitespace characters, the default compress list is used. Any unknown
2358 compression names are discarded from the list, but a list with only invalid
2359 names results in a failed negotiation.
2361 There are some older rsync versions that were configured to reject a `-z`
2362 option and require the use of `-zz` because their compression library was
2363 not compatible with the default zlib compression method. You can usually
2364 ignore this weirdness unless the rsync server complains and tells you to
2367 See also the `--skip-compress` option for the default list of file suffixes
2368 that will be transferred with no (or minimal) compression.
2370 0. `--compress-choice=STR`, `--zc=STR`
2372 This option can be used to override the automatic negotiation of the
2373 compression algorithm that occurs when `--compress` is used. The option
2374 implies `--compress` unless "none" was specified, which instead implies
2377 The compression options that you may be able to use are:
2385 Run `rsync --version` to see the default compress list compiled into your
2386 version (which may differ from the list above).
2388 Note that if you see an error about an option named `--old-compress` or
2389 `--new-compress`, this is rsync trying to send the `--compress-choice=zlib`
2390 or `--compress-choice=zlibx` option in a backward-compatible manner that
2391 more rsync versions understand. This error indicates that the older rsync
2392 version on the server will not allow you to force the compression type.
2394 Note that the "zlibx" compression algorithm is just the "zlib" algorithm
2395 with matched data excluded from the compression stream (to try to make it
2396 more compatible with an external zlib implementation).
2398 0. `--compress-level=NUM`, `--zl=NUM`
2400 Explicitly set the compression level to use (see `--compress`, `-z`)
2401 instead of letting it default. The `--compress` option is implied as long
2402 as the level chosen is not a "don't compress" level for the compression
2403 algorithm that is in effect (e.g. zlib compression treats level 0 as
2406 The level values vary depending on the checksum in effect. Because rsync
2407 will negotiate a checksum choice by default (when the remote rsync is new
2408 enough), it can be good to combine this option with a `--compress-choice`
2409 (`--zc`) option unless you're sure of the choice in effect. For example:
2411 > rsync -aiv --zc=zstd --zl=22 host:src/ dest/
2413 For zlib & zlibx compression the valid values are from 1 to 9 with 6 being
2414 the default. Specifying 0 turns compression off, and specifying -1 chooses
2417 For zstd compression the valid values are from -131072 to 22 with 3 being
2418 the default. Specifying 0 chooses the default of 3.
2420 For lz4 compression there are no levels, so the value is always 0.
2422 If you specify a too-large or too-small value, the number is silently
2423 limited to a valid value. This allows you to specify something like
2424 `--zl=999999999` and be assured that you'll end up with the maximum
2425 compression level no matter what algorithm was chosen.
2427 If you want to know the compression level that is in effect, specify
2428 `--debug=nstr` to see the "negotiated string" results. This will report
2429 something like "`Client compress: zstd (level 3)`" (along with the checksum
2432 0. `--skip-compress=LIST`
2434 Override the list of file suffixes that will be compressed as little as
2435 possible. Rsync sets the compression level on a per-file basis based on
2436 the file's suffix. If the compression algorithm has an "off" level (such
2437 as zlib/zlibx) then no compression occurs for those files. Other
2438 algorithms that support changing the streaming level on-the-fly will have
2439 the level minimized to reduces the CPU usage as much as possible for a
2440 matching file. At this time, only zlib & zlibx compression support this
2441 changing of levels on a per-file basis.
2443 The **LIST** should be one or more file suffixes (without the dot) separated
2444 by slashes (`/`). You may specify an empty string to indicate that no files
2447 Simple character-class matching is supported: each must consist of a list
2448 of letters inside the square brackets (e.g. no special classes, such as
2449 "[:alpha:]", are supported, and '-' has no special meaning).
2451 The characters asterisk (`*`) and question-mark (`?`) have no special meaning.
2453 Here's an example that specifies 6 suffixes to skip (since 1 of the 5 rules
2454 matches 2 suffixes):
2456 > --skip-compress=gz/jpg/mp[34]/7z/bz2
2458 The default file suffixes in the skip-compress list in this version of
2461 [comment]: # (This list gets used for the default-dont-compress.h file.)
2524 This list will be replaced by your `--skip-compress` list in all but one
2525 situation: a copy from a daemon rsync will add your skipped suffixes to its
2526 list of non-compressing files (and its list may be configured to a
2531 With this option rsync will transfer numeric group and user IDs rather than
2532 using user and group names and mapping them at both ends.
2534 By default rsync will use the username and groupname to determine what
2535 ownership to give files. The special uid 0 and the special group 0 are
2536 never mapped via user/group names even if the `--numeric-ids` option is not
2539 If a user or group has no name on the source system or it has no match on
2540 the destination system, then the numeric ID from the source system is used
2541 instead. See also the comments on the "`use chroot`" setting in the
2542 rsyncd.conf manpage for information on how the chroot setting affects
2543 rsync's ability to look up the names of the users and groups and what you
2546 0. `--usermap=STRING`, `--groupmap=STRING`
2548 These options allow you to specify users and groups that should be mapped
2549 to other values by the receiving side. The **STRING** is one or more
2550 **FROM**:**TO** pairs of values separated by commas. Any matching **FROM**
2551 value from the sender is replaced with a **TO** value from the receiver.
2552 You may specify usernames or user IDs for the **FROM** and **TO** values,
2553 and the **FROM** value may also be a wild-card string, which will be
2554 matched against the sender's names (wild-cards do NOT match against ID
2555 numbers, though see below for why a '`*`' matches everything). You may
2556 instead specify a range of ID numbers via an inclusive range: LOW-HIGH.
2559 > --usermap=0-99:nobody,wayne:admin,*:normal --groupmap=usr:1,1:usr
2561 The first match in the list is the one that is used. You should specify
2562 all your user mappings using a single `--usermap` option, and/or all your
2563 group mappings using a single `--groupmap` option.
2565 Note that the sender's name for the 0 user and group are not transmitted to
2566 the receiver, so you should either match these values using a 0, or use the
2567 names in effect on the receiving side (typically "root"). All other
2568 **FROM** names match those in use on the sending side. All **TO** names
2569 match those in use on the receiving side.
2571 Any IDs that do not have a name on the sending side are treated as having
2572 an empty name for the purpose of matching. This allows them to be matched
2573 via a "`*`" or using an empty name. For instance:
2575 > --usermap=:nobody --groupmap=*:nobody
2577 When the `--numeric-ids` option is used, the sender does not send any
2578 names, so all the IDs are treated as having an empty name. This means that
2579 you will need to specify numeric **FROM** values if you want to map these
2580 nameless IDs to different values.
2582 For the `--usermap` option to have any effect, the `-o` (`--owner`) option
2583 must be used (or implied), and the receiver will need to be running as a
2584 super-user (see also the `--fake-super` option). For the `--groupmap`
2585 option to have any effect, the `-g` (`--groups`) option must be used (or
2586 implied), and the receiver will need to have permissions to set that group.
2588 If your shell complains about the wildcards, use `--protect-args` (`-s`).
2590 0. `--chown=USER:GROUP`
2592 This option forces all files to be owned by USER with group GROUP. This is
2593 a simpler interface than using `--usermap` and `--groupmap` directly, but
2594 it is implemented using those options internally, so you cannot mix them.
2595 If either the USER or GROUP is empty, no mapping for the omitted user/group
2596 will occur. If GROUP is empty, the trailing colon may be omitted, but if
2597 USER is empty, a leading colon must be supplied.
2599 If you specify "`--chown=foo:bar`", this is exactly the same as specifying
2600 "`--usermap=*:foo --groupmap=*:bar`", only easier. If your shell complains
2601 about the wildcards, use `--protect-args` (`-s`).
2603 0. `--timeout=SECONDS`
2605 This option allows you to set a maximum I/O timeout in seconds. If no data
2606 is transferred for the specified time then rsync will exit. The default is
2607 0, which means no timeout.
2609 0. `--contimeout=SECONDS`
2611 This option allows you to set the amount of time that rsync will wait for
2612 its connection to an rsync daemon to succeed. If the timeout is reached,
2613 rsync exits with an error.
2615 0. `--address=ADDRESS`
2617 By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when connecting to an
2618 rsync daemon. The `--address` option allows you to specify a specific IP
2619 address (or hostname) to bind to. See also this option in the `--daemon`
2624 This specifies an alternate TCP port number to use rather than the default
2625 of 873. This is only needed if you are using the double-colon (::) syntax
2626 to connect with an rsync daemon (since the URL syntax has a way to specify
2627 the port as a part of the URL). See also this option in the `--daemon`
2630 0. `--sockopts=OPTIONS`
2632 This option can provide endless fun for people who like to tune their
2633 systems to the utmost degree. You can set all sorts of socket options
2634 which may make transfers faster (or slower!). Read the man page for the
2635 `setsockopt()` system call for details on some of the options you may be
2636 able to set. By default no special socket options are set. This only
2637 affects direct socket connections to a remote rsync daemon.
2639 This option also exists in the `--daemon` mode section.
2643 This tells rsync to use blocking I/O when launching a remote shell
2644 transport. If the remote shell is either rsh or remsh, rsync defaults to
2645 using blocking I/O, otherwise it defaults to using non-blocking I/O. (Note
2646 that ssh prefers non-blocking I/O.)
2650 This sets the output buffering mode. The mode can be None (aka
2651 Unbuffered), Line, or Block (aka Full). You may specify as little as a
2652 single letter for the mode, and use upper or lower case.
2654 The main use of this option is to change Full buffering to Line buffering
2655 when rsync's output is going to a file or pipe.
2657 0. `--itemize-changes`, `-i`
2659 Requests a simple itemized list of the changes that are being made to each
2660 file, including attribute changes. This is exactly the same as specifying
2661 `--out-format='%i %n%L'`. If you repeat the option, unchanged files will
2662 also be output, but only if the receiving rsync is at least version 2.6.7
2663 (you can use `-vv` with older versions of rsync, but that also turns on the
2664 output of other verbose messages).
2666 The "%i" escape has a cryptic output that is 11 letters long. The general
2667 format is like the string `YXcstpoguax`, where **Y** is replaced by the type
2668 of update being done, **X** is replaced by the file-type, and the other
2669 letters represent attributes that may be output if they are being modified.
2671 The update types that replace the **Y** are as follows:
2673 - A `<` means that a file is being transferred to the remote host (sent).
2674 - A `>` means that a file is being transferred to the local host
2676 - A `c` means that a local change/creation is occurring for the item (such
2677 as the creation of a directory or the changing of a symlink, etc.).
2678 - A `h` means that the item is a hard link to another item (requires
2680 - A `.` means that the item is not being updated (though it might have
2681 attributes that are being modified).
2682 - A `*` means that the rest of the itemized-output area contains a message
2685 The file-types that replace the **X** are: `f` for a file, a `d` for a
2686 directory, an `L` for a symlink, a `D` for a device, and a `S` for a
2687 special file (e.g. named sockets and fifos).
2689 The other letters in the string indicate if some attributes of the file
2690 have changed, as follows:
2692 - "`.`" - the attribute is unchanged.
2693 - "`+`" - the file is newly created.
2694 - "`Â `" - all the attributes are unchanged (all dots turn to spaces).
2695 - "`?`" - the change is unknown (when the remote rsync is old).
2696 - A letter indicates an attribute is being updated.
2698 The attribute that is associated with each letter is as follows:
2700 - A `c` means either that a regular file has a different checksum (requires
2701 `--checksum`) or that a symlink, device, or special file has a changed
2702 value. Note that if you are sending files to an rsync prior to 3.0.1,
2703 this change flag will be present only for checksum-differing regular
2705 - A `s` means the size of a regular file is different and will be updated
2706 by the file transfer.
2707 - A `t` means the modification time is different and is being updated to
2708 the sender's value (requires `--times`). An alternate value of `T` means
2709 that the modification time will be set to the transfer time, which
2710 happens when a file/symlink/device is updated without `--times` and when
2711 a symlink is changed and the receiver can't set its time. (Note: when
2712 using an rsync 3.0.0 client, you might see the `s` flag combined with `t`
2713 instead of the proper `T` flag for this time-setting failure.)
2714 - A `p` means the permissions are different and are being updated to the
2715 sender's value (requires `--perms`).
2716 - An `o` means the owner is different and is being updated to the sender's
2717 value (requires `--owner` and super-user privileges).
2718 - A `g` means the group is different and is being updated to the sender's
2719 value (requires `--group` and the authority to set the group).
2720 - A `u`|`n`|`b` indicates the following information: `u` means the access
2721 (use) time is different and is being updated to the sender's value
2722 (requires `--atimes`); `n` means the create time (newness) is different
2723 and is being updated to the sender's value (requires `--crtimes`); `b`
2724 means that both the access and create times are being updated.
2725 - The `a` means that the ACL information is being changed.
2726 - The `x` means that the extended attribute information is being changed.
2728 One other output is possible: when deleting files, the "%i" will output the
2729 string "`*deleting`" for each item that is being removed (assuming that you
2730 are talking to a recent enough rsync that it logs deletions instead of
2731 outputting them as a verbose message).
2733 0. `--out-format=FORMAT`
2735 This allows you to specify exactly what the rsync client outputs to the
2736 user on a per-update basis. The format is a text string containing
2737 embedded single-character escape sequences prefixed with a percent (%)
2738 character. A default format of "%n%L" is assumed if either `--info=name`
2739 or `-v` is specified (this tells you just the name of the file and, if the
2740 item is a link, where it points). For a full list of the possible escape
2741 characters, see the "`log format`" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage.
2743 Specifying the `--out-format` option implies the `--info=name` option,
2744 which will mention each file, dir, etc. that gets updated in a significant
2745 way (a transferred file, a recreated symlink/device, or a touched
2746 directory). In addition, if the itemize-changes escape (%i) is included in
2747 the string (e.g. if the `--itemize-changes` option was used), the logging
2748 of names increases to mention any item that is changed in any way (as long
2749 as the receiving side is at least 2.6.4). See the `--itemize-changes`
2750 option for a description of the output of "%i".
2752 Rsync will output the out-format string prior to a file's transfer unless
2753 one of the transfer-statistic escapes is requested, in which case the
2754 logging is done at the end of the file's transfer. When this late logging
2755 is in effect and `--progress` is also specified, rsync will also output the
2756 name of the file being transferred prior to its progress information
2757 (followed, of course, by the out-format output).
2759 0. `--log-file=FILE`
2761 This option causes rsync to log what it is doing to a file. This is
2762 similar to the logging that a daemon does, but can be requested for the
2763 client side and/or the server side of a non-daemon transfer. If specified
2764 as a client option, transfer logging will be enabled with a default format
2765 of "%i %n%L". See the `--log-file-format` option if you wish to override
2768 Here's a example command that requests the remote side to log what is
2771 > rsync -av --remote-option=--log-file=/tmp/rlog src/ dest/
2773 This is very useful if you need to debug why a connection is closing
2776 0. `--log-file-format=FORMAT`
2778 This allows you to specify exactly what per-update logging is put into the
2779 file specified by the `--log-file` option (which must also be specified for
2780 this option to have any effect). If you specify an empty string, updated
2781 files will not be mentioned in the log file. For a list of the possible
2782 escape characters, see the "`log format`" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage.
2784 The default FORMAT used if `--log-file` is specified and this option is not
2789 This tells rsync to print a verbose set of statistics on the file transfer,
2790 allowing you to tell how effective rsync's delta-transfer algorithm is for
2791 your data. This option is equivalent to `--info=stats2` if combined with 0
2792 or 1 `-v` options, or `--info=stats3` if combined with 2 or more `-v`
2795 The current statistics are as follows:
2797 - `Number of files` is the count of all "files" (in the generic sense),
2798 which includes directories, symlinks, etc. The total count will be
2799 followed by a list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero). For
2800 example: "(reg: 5, dir: 3, link: 2, dev: 1, special: 1)" lists the totals
2801 for regular files, directories, symlinks, devices, and special files. If
2802 any of value is 0, it is completely omitted from the list.
2803 - `Number of created files` is the count of how many "files" (generic
2804 sense) were created (as opposed to updated). The total count will be
2805 followed by a list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).
2806 - `Number of deleted files` is the count of how many "files" (generic
2807 sense) were created (as opposed to updated). The total count will be
2808 followed by a list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).
2809 Note that this line is only output if deletions are in effect, and only
2810 if protocol 31 is being used (the default for rsync 3.1.x).
2811 - `Number of regular files transferred` is the count of normal files that
2812 were updated via rsync's delta-transfer algorithm, which does not include
2813 dirs, symlinks, etc. Note that rsync 3.1.0 added the word "regular" into
2815 - `Total file size` is the total sum of all file sizes in the transfer.
2816 This does not count any size for directories or special files, but does
2817 include the size of symlinks.
2818 - `Total transferred file size` is the total sum of all files sizes for
2819 just the transferred files.
2820 - `Literal data` is how much unmatched file-update data we had to send to
2821 the receiver for it to recreate the updated files.
2822 - `Matched data` is how much data the receiver got locally when recreating
2824 - `File list size` is how big the file-list data was when the sender sent
2825 it to the receiver. This is smaller than the in-memory size for the file
2826 list due to some compressing of duplicated data when rsync sends the
2828 - `File list generation time` is the number of seconds that the sender
2829 spent creating the file list. This requires a modern rsync on the
2830 sending side for this to be present.
2831 - `File list transfer time` is the number of seconds that the sender spent
2832 sending the file list to the receiver.
2833 - `Total bytes sent` is the count of all the bytes that rsync sent from the
2834 client side to the server side.
2835 - `Total bytes received` is the count of all non-message bytes that rsync
2836 received by the client side from the server side. "Non-message" bytes
2837 means that we don't count the bytes for a verbose message that the server
2838 sent to us, which makes the stats more consistent.
2840 0. `--8-bit-output`, `-8`
2842 This tells rsync to leave all high-bit characters unescaped in the output
2843 instead of trying to test them to see if they're valid in the current
2844 locale and escaping the invalid ones. All control characters (but never
2845 tabs) are always escaped, regardless of this option's setting.
2847 The escape idiom that started in 2.6.7 is to output a literal backslash
2848 (`\`) and a hash (`#`), followed by exactly 3 octal digits. For example, a
2849 newline would output as "`\#012`". A literal backslash that is in a
2850 filename is not escaped unless it is followed by a hash and 3 digits (0-9).
2852 0. `--human-readable`, `-h`
2854 Output numbers in a more human-readable format. There are 3 possible
2855 levels: (1) output numbers with a separator between each set of 3 digits
2856 (either a comma or a period, depending on if the decimal point is
2857 represented by a period or a comma); (2) output numbers in units of 1000
2858 (with a character suffix for larger units -- see below); (3) output
2859 numbers in units of 1024.
2861 The default is human-readable level 1. Each `-h` option increases the
2862 level by one. You can take the level down to 0 (to output numbers as pure
2863 digits) by specifying the `--no-human-readable` (`--no-h`) option.
2865 The unit letters that are appended in levels 2 and 3 are: `K` (kilo), `M`
2866 (mega), `G` (giga), `T` (tera), or `P` (peta). For example, a 1234567-byte
2867 file would output as 1.23M in level-2 (assuming that a period is your local
2870 Backward compatibility note: versions of rsync prior to 3.1.0 do not
2871 support human-readable level 1, and they default to level 0. Thus,
2872 specifying one or two `-h` options will behave in a comparable manner in
2873 old and new versions as long as you didn't specify a `--no-h` option prior
2874 to one or more `-h` options. See the `--list-only` option for one
2879 By default, rsync will delete any partially transferred file if the
2880 transfer is interrupted. In some circumstances it is more desirable to
2881 keep partially transferred files. Using the `--partial` option tells rsync
2882 to keep the partial file which should make a subsequent transfer of the
2883 rest of the file much faster.
2885 0. `--partial-dir=DIR`
2887 A better way to keep partial files than the `--partial` option is to
2888 specify a _DIR_ that will be used to hold the partial data (instead of
2889 writing it out to the destination file). On the next transfer, rsync will
2890 use a file found in this dir as data to speed up the resumption of the
2891 transfer and then delete it after it has served its purpose.
2893 Note that if `--whole-file` is specified (or implied), any partial-dir file
2894 that is found for a file that is being updated will simply be removed
2895 (since rsync is sending files without using rsync's delta-transfer
2898 Rsync will create the _DIR_ if it is missing (just the last dir -- not the
2899 whole path). This makes it easy to use a relative path (such as
2900 "`--partial-dir=.rsync-partial`") to have rsync create the
2901 partial-directory in the destination file's directory when needed, and then
2902 remove it again when the partial file is deleted. Note that the directory
2903 is only removed if it is a relative pathname, as it is expected that an
2904 absolute path is to a directory that is reserved for partial-dir work.
2906 If the partial-dir value is not an absolute path, rsync will add an exclude
2907 rule at the end of all your existing excludes. This will prevent the
2908 sending of any partial-dir files that may exist on the sending side, and
2909 will also prevent the untimely deletion of partial-dir items on the
2910 receiving side. An example: the above `--partial-dir` option would add the
2911 equivalent of "`-f '-p .rsync-partial/'`" at the end of any other filter
2914 If you are supplying your own exclude rules, you may need to add your own
2915 exclude/hide/protect rule for the partial-dir because (1) the auto-added
2916 rule may be ineffective at the end of your other rules, or (2) you may wish
2917 to override rsync's exclude choice. For instance, if you want to make
2918 rsync clean-up any left-over partial-dirs that may be lying around, you
2919 should specify `--delete-after` and add a "risk" filter rule, e.g.
2920 `-f 'R .rsync-partial/'`. (Avoid using `--delete-before` or
2921 `--delete-during` unless you don't need rsync to use any of the left-over
2922 partial-dir data during the current run.)
2924 IMPORTANT: the `--partial-dir` should not be writable by other users or it
2925 is a security risk. E.g. AVOID "/tmp".
2927 You can also set the partial-dir value the RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR environment
2928 variable. Setting this in the environment does not force `--partial` to be
2929 enabled, but rather it affects where partial files go when `--partial` is
2930 specified. For instance, instead of using `--partial-dir=.rsync-tmp` along
2931 with `--progress`, you could set RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR=.rsync-tmp in your
2932 environment and then just use the `-P` option to turn on the use of the
2933 .rsync-tmp dir for partial transfers. The only times that the `--partial`
2934 option does not look for this environment value are (1) when `--inplace`
2935 was specified (since `--inplace` conflicts with `--partial-dir`), and (2)
2936 when `--delay-updates` was specified (see below).
2938 When a modern rsync resumes the transfer of a file in the partial-dir, that
2939 partial file is now updated in-place instead of creating yet another
2940 tmp-file copy (so it maxes out at dest + tmp instead of dest + partial +
2941 tmp). This requires both ends of the transfer to be at least version
2944 For the purposes of the daemon-config's "`refuse options`" setting,
2945 `--partial-dir` does _not_ imply `--partial`. This is so that a refusal of
2946 the `--partial` option can be used to disallow the overwriting of
2947 destination files with a partial transfer, while still allowing the safer
2948 idiom provided by `--partial-dir`.
2950 0. `--delay-updates`
2952 This option puts the temporary file from each updated file into a holding
2953 directory until the end of the transfer, at which time all the files are
2954 renamed into place in rapid succession. This attempts to make the updating
2955 of the files a little more atomic. By default the files are placed into a
2956 directory named `.~tmp~` in each file's destination directory, but if
2957 you've specified the `--partial-dir` option, that directory will be used
2958 instead. See the comments in the `--partial-dir` section for a discussion
2959 of how this `.~tmp~` dir will be excluded from the transfer, and what you
2960 can do if you want rsync to cleanup old `.~tmp~` dirs that might be lying
2961 around. Conflicts with `--inplace` and `--append`.
2963 This option implies `--no-inc-recursive` since it needs the full file list
2964 in memory in order to be able to iterate over it at the end.
2966 This option uses more memory on the receiving side (one bit per file
2967 transferred) and also requires enough free disk space on the receiving side
2968 to hold an additional copy of all the updated files. Note also that you
2969 should not use an absolute path to `--partial-dir` unless (1) there is no
2970 chance of any of the files in the transfer having the same name (since all
2971 the updated files will be put into a single directory if the path is
2972 absolute) and (2) there are no mount points in the hierarchy (since the
2973 delayed updates will fail if they can't be renamed into place).
2975 See also the "atomic-rsync" perl script in the "support" subdir for an
2976 update algorithm that is even more atomic (it uses `--link-dest` and a
2977 parallel hierarchy of files).
2979 0. `--prune-empty-dirs`, `-m`
2981 This option tells the receiving rsync to get rid of empty directories from
2982 the file-list, including nested directories that have no non-directory
2983 children. This is useful for avoiding the creation of a bunch of useless
2984 directories when the sending rsync is recursively scanning a hierarchy of
2985 files using include/exclude/filter rules.
2987 Note that the use of transfer rules, such as the `--min-size` option, does
2988 not affect what goes into the file list, and thus does not leave
2989 directories empty, even if none of the files in a directory match the
2992 Because the file-list is actually being pruned, this option also affects
2993 what directories get deleted when a delete is active. However, keep in
2994 mind that excluded files and directories can prevent existing items from
2995 being deleted due to an exclude both hiding source files and protecting
2996 destination files. See the perishable filter-rule option for how to avoid
2999 You can prevent the pruning of certain empty directories from the file-list
3000 by using a global "protect" filter. For instance, this option would ensure
3001 that the directory "emptydir" was kept in the file-list:
3003 > --filter 'protect emptydir/'
3005 Here's an example that copies all .pdf files in a hierarchy, only creating
3006 the necessary destination directories to hold the .pdf files, and ensures
3007 that any superfluous files and directories in the destination are removed
3008 (note the hide filter of non-directories being used instead of an exclude):
3010 > rsync -avm --del --include='*.pdf' -f 'hide,! */' src/ dest
3012 If you didn't want to remove superfluous destination files, the more
3013 time-honored options of `--include='*/' --exclude='*'` would work
3014 fine in place of the hide-filter (if that is more natural to you).
3018 This option tells rsync to print information showing the progress of the
3019 transfer. This gives a bored user something to watch. With a modern rsync
3020 this is the same as specifying `--info=flist2,name,progress`, but any
3021 user-supplied settings for those info flags takes precedence (e.g.
3022 "`--info=flist0 --progress`").
3024 While rsync is transferring a regular file, it updates a progress line that
3027 > 782448 63% 110.64kB/s 0:00:04
3029 In this example, the receiver has reconstructed 782448 bytes or 63% of the
3030 sender's file, which is being reconstructed at a rate of 110.64 kilobytes
3031 per second, and the transfer will finish in 4 seconds if the current rate
3032 is maintained until the end.
3034 These statistics can be misleading if rsync's delta-transfer algorithm is
3035 in use. For example, if the sender's file consists of the basis file
3036 followed by additional data, the reported rate will probably drop
3037 dramatically when the receiver gets to the literal data, and the transfer
3038 will probably take much longer to finish than the receiver estimated as it
3039 was finishing the matched part of the file.
3041 When the file transfer finishes, rsync replaces the progress line with a
3042 summary line that looks like this:
3044 > 1,238,099 100% 146.38kB/s 0:00:08 (xfr#5, to-chk=169/396)
3046 In this example, the file was 1,238,099 bytes long in total, the average
3047 rate of transfer for the whole file was 146.38 kilobytes per second over
3048 the 8 seconds that it took to complete, it was the 5th transfer of a
3049 regular file during the current rsync session, and there are 169 more files
3050 for the receiver to check (to see if they are up-to-date or not) remaining
3051 out of the 396 total files in the file-list.
3053 In an incremental recursion scan, rsync won't know the total number of
3054 files in the file-list until it reaches the ends of the scan, but since it
3055 starts to transfer files during the scan, it will display a line with the
3056 text "ir-chk" (for incremental recursion check) instead of "to-chk" until
3057 the point that it knows the full size of the list, at which point it will
3058 switch to using "to-chk". Thus, seeing "ir-chk" lets you know that the
3059 total count of files in the file list is still going to increase (and each
3060 time it does, the count of files left to check will increase by the number
3061 of the files added to the list).
3065 The `-P` option is equivalent to `--partial --progress`. Its purpose is
3066 to make it much easier to specify these two options for a long transfer
3067 that may be interrupted.
3069 There is also a `--info=progress2` option that outputs statistics based on
3070 the whole transfer, rather than individual files. Use this flag without
3071 outputting a filename (e.g. avoid `-v` or specify `--info=name0`) if you
3072 want to see how the transfer is doing without scrolling the screen with a
3073 lot of names. (You don't need to specify the `--progress` option in order
3074 to use `--info=progress2`.)
3076 Finally, you can get an instant progress report by sending rsync a signal
3077 of either SIGINFO or SIGVTALRM. On BSD systems, a SIGINFO is generated by
3078 typing a Ctrl+T (Linux doesn't currently support a SIGINFO signal). When
3079 the client-side process receives one of those signals, it sets a flag to
3080 output a single progress report which is output when the current file
3081 transfer finishes (so it may take a little time if a big file is being
3082 handled when the signal arrives). A filename is output (if needed)
3083 followed by the `--info=progress2` format of progress info. If you don't
3084 know which of the 3 rsync processes is the client process, it's OK to
3085 signal all of them (since the non-client processes ignore the signal).
3087 CAUTION: sending SIGVTALRM to an older rsync (pre-3.2.0) will kill it.
3089 0. `--password-file=FILE`
3091 This option allows you to provide a password for accessing an rsync daemon
3092 via a file or via standard input if **FILE** is `-`. The file should
3093 contain just the password on the first line (all other lines are ignored).
3094 Rsync will exit with an error if **FILE** is world readable or if a
3095 root-run rsync command finds a non-root-owned file.
3097 This option does not supply a password to a remote shell transport such as
3098 ssh; to learn how to do that, consult the remote shell's documentation.
3099 When accessing an rsync daemon using a remote shell as the transport, this
3100 option only comes into effect after the remote shell finishes its
3101 authentication (i.e. if you have also specified a password in the daemon's
3104 0. `--early-input=FILE`
3106 This option allows rsync to send up to 5K of data to the "early exec"
3107 script on its stdin. One possible use of this data is to give the script a
3108 secret that can be used to mount an encrypted filesystem (which you should
3109 unmount in the the "post-xfer exec" script).
3111 The daemon must be at least version 3.2.1.
3115 This option will cause the source files to be listed instead of
3116 transferred. This option is inferred if there is a single source arg and
3117 no destination specified, so its main uses are: (1) to turn a copy command
3118 that includes a destination arg into a file-listing command, or (2) to be
3119 able to specify more than one source arg (note: be sure to include the
3120 destination). Caution: keep in mind that a source arg with a wild-card is
3121 expanded by the shell into multiple args, so it is never safe to try to
3122 list such an arg without using this option. For example:
3124 > rsync -av --list-only foo* dest/
3126 Starting with rsync 3.1.0, the sizes output by `--list-only` are affected
3127 by the `--human-readable` option. By default they will contain digit
3128 separators, but higher levels of readability will output the sizes with
3129 unit suffixes. Note also that the column width for the size output has
3130 increased from 11 to 14 characters for all human-readable levels. Use
3131 `--no-h` if you want just digits in the sizes, and the old column width of
3134 Compatibility note: when requesting a remote listing of files from an rsync
3135 that is version 2.6.3 or older, you may encounter an error if you ask for a
3136 non-recursive listing. This is because a file listing implies the `--dirs`
3137 option w/o `--recursive`, and older rsyncs don't have that option. To
3138 avoid this problem, either specify the `--no-dirs` option (if you don't
3139 need to expand a directory's content), or turn on recursion and exclude the
3140 content of subdirectories: `-r --exclude='/*/*'`.
3144 This option allows you to specify the maximum transfer rate for the data
3145 sent over the socket, specified in units per second. The RATE value can be
3146 suffixed with a string to indicate a size multiplier, and may be a
3147 fractional value (e.g. "`--bwlimit=1.5m`"). If no suffix is specified, the
3148 value will be assumed to be in units of 1024 bytes (as if "K" or "KiB" had
3149 been appended). See the `--max-size` option for a description of all the
3150 available suffixes. A value of 0 specifies no limit.
3152 For backward-compatibility reasons, the rate limit will be rounded to the
3153 nearest KiB unit, so no rate smaller than 1024 bytes per second is
3156 Rsync writes data over the socket in blocks, and this option both limits
3157 the size of the blocks that rsync writes, and tries to keep the average
3158 transfer rate at the requested limit. Some burstiness may be seen where
3159 rsync writes out a block of data and then sleeps to bring the average rate
3162 Due to the internal buffering of data, the `--progress` option may not be
3163 an accurate reflection on how fast the data is being sent. This is because
3164 some files can show up as being rapidly sent when the data is quickly
3165 buffered, while other can show up as very slow when the flushing of the
3166 output buffer occurs. This may be fixed in a future version.
3168 0. `--stop-after=MINS
3170 This option tells rsync to stop copying when the specified number of
3171 minutes has elapsed.
3173 Rsync also accepts an earlier version of this option: `--time-limit=MINS`.
3175 For maximal flexibility, rsync does not communicate this option to the
3176 remote rsync since it is usually enough that one side of the connection
3177 quits as specified. This allows the option's use even when only one side
3178 of the connection supports it. You can tell the remote side about the time
3179 limit using `--remote-option` (`-M`), should the need arise.
3181 0. `--stop-at=y-m-dTh:m
3183 This option tells rsync to stop copying when the specified point in time
3184 has been reached. The date & time can be fully specified in a numeric
3185 format of year-month-dayThour:minute (e.g. 2000-12-31T23:59) in the local
3186 timezone. You may choose to separate the date numbers using slashes
3189 The value can also be abbreviated in a variety of ways, such as specifying
3190 a 2-digit year and/or leaving off various values. In all cases, the value
3191 will be taken to be the next possible point in time where the supplied
3192 information matches. If the value specifies the current time or a past
3193 time, rsync exits with an error.
3195 For example, "1-30" specifies the next January 30th (at midnight local
3196 time), "14:00" specifies the next 2 P.M., "1" specifies the next 1st of the
3197 month at midnight, "31" specifies the next month where we can stop on its
3198 31st day, and ":59" specifies the next 59th minute after the hour.
3200 For maximal flexibility, rsync does not communicate this option to the
3201 remote rsync since it is usually enough that one side of the connection
3202 quits as specified. This allows the option's use even when only one side
3203 of the connection supports it. You can tell the remote side about the time
3204 limit using `--remote-option` (`-M`), should the need arise. Do keep in
3205 mind that the remote host may have a different default timezone than your
3208 0. `--write-batch=FILE`
3210 Record a file that can later be applied to another identical destination
3211 with `--read-batch`. See the "BATCH MODE" section for details, and also
3212 the `--only-write-batch` option.
3214 This option overrides the negotiated checksum & compress lists and always
3215 negotiates a choice based on old-school md5/md4/zlib choices. If you want
3216 a more modern choice, use the `--checksum-choice` (`--cc`) and/or
3217 `--compress-choice` (`--zc`) options.
3219 0. `--only-write-batch=FILE`
3221 Works like `--write-batch`, except that no updates are made on the
3222 destination system when creating the batch. This lets you transport the
3223 changes to the destination system via some other means and then apply the
3224 changes via `--read-batch`.
3226 Note that you can feel free to write the batch directly to some portable
3227 media: if this media fills to capacity before the end of the transfer, you
3228 can just apply that partial transfer to the destination and repeat the
3229 whole process to get the rest of the changes (as long as you don't mind a
3230 partially updated destination system while the multi-update cycle is
3233 Also note that you only save bandwidth when pushing changes to a remote
3234 system because this allows the batched data to be diverted from the sender
3235 into the batch file without having to flow over the wire to the receiver
3236 (when pulling, the sender is remote, and thus can't write the batch).
3238 0. `--read-batch=FILE`
3240 Apply all of the changes stored in FILE, a file previously generated by
3241 `--write-batch`. If _FILE_ is `-`, the batch data will be read from
3242 standard input. See the "BATCH MODE" section for details.
3246 Force an older protocol version to be used. This is useful for creating a
3247 batch file that is compatible with an older version of rsync. For
3248 instance, if rsync 2.6.4 is being used with the `--write-batch` option, but
3249 rsync 2.6.3 is what will be used to run the `--read-batch` option, you
3250 should use "--protocol=28" when creating the batch file to force the older
3251 protocol version to be used in the batch file (assuming you can't upgrade
3252 the rsync on the reading system).
3254 0. `--iconv=CONVERT_SPEC`
3256 Rsync can convert filenames between character sets using this option.
3257 Using a CONVERT_SPEC of "." tells rsync to look up the default
3258 character-set via the locale setting. Alternately, you can fully specify
3259 what conversion to do by giving a local and a remote charset separated by a
3260 comma in the order `--iconv=LOCAL,REMOTE`, e.g. `--iconv=utf8,iso88591`.
3261 This order ensures that the option will stay the same whether you're
3262 pushing or pulling files. Finally, you can specify either `--no-iconv` or
3263 a CONVERT_SPEC of "-" to turn off any conversion. The default setting of
3264 this option is site-specific, and can also be affected via the RSYNC_ICONV
3265 environment variable.
3267 For a list of what charset names your local iconv library supports, you can
3268 run "`iconv --list`".
3270 If you specify the `--protect-args` option (`-s`), rsync will translate the
3271 filenames you specify on the command-line that are being sent to the remote
3272 host. See also the `--files-from` option.
3274 Note that rsync does not do any conversion of names in filter files
3275 (including include/exclude files). It is up to you to ensure that you're
3276 specifying matching rules that can match on both sides of the transfer.
3277 For instance, you can specify extra include/exclude rules if there are
3278 filename differences on the two sides that need to be accounted for.
3280 When you pass an `--iconv` option to an rsync daemon that allows it, the
3281 daemon uses the charset specified in its "charset" configuration parameter
3282 regardless of the remote charset you actually pass. Thus, you may feel
3283 free to specify just the local charset for a daemon transfer (e.g.
3286 0. `--ipv4`, `-4` or `--ipv6`, `-6`
3288 Tells rsync to prefer IPv4/IPv6 when creating sockets or running ssh. This
3289 affects sockets that rsync has direct control over, such as the outgoing
3290 socket when directly contacting an rsync daemon, as well as the forwarding
3291 of the `-4` or `-6` option to ssh when rsync can deduce that ssh is being
3292 used as the remote shell. For other remote shells you'll need to specify
3293 the "`--rsh SHELL -4`" option directly (or whatever ipv4/ipv6 hint options
3296 These options also exist in the `--daemon` mode section.
3298 If rsync was complied without support for IPv6, the `--ipv6` option will
3299 have no effect. The `rsync --version` output will contain "`no IPv6`" if
3302 0. `--checksum-seed=NUM`
3304 Set the checksum seed to the integer NUM. This 4 byte checksum seed is
3305 included in each block and MD4 file checksum calculation (the more modern
3306 MD5 file checksums don't use a seed). By default the checksum seed is
3307 generated by the server and defaults to the current **time**(). This
3308 option is used to set a specific checksum seed, which is useful for
3309 applications that want repeatable block checksums, or in the case where the
3310 user wants a more random checksum seed. Setting NUM to 0 causes rsync to
3311 use the default of **time**() for checksum seed.
3315 The options allowed when starting an rsync daemon are as follows:
3319 This tells rsync that it is to run as a daemon. The daemon you start
3320 running may be accessed using an rsync client using the `host::module` or
3321 `rsync://host/module/` syntax.
3323 If standard input is a socket then rsync will assume that it is being run
3324 via inetd, otherwise it will detach from the current terminal and become a
3325 background daemon. The daemon will read the config file (rsyncd.conf) on
3326 each connect made by a client and respond to requests accordingly. See the
3327 **rsyncd.conf**(5) man page for more details.
3329 0. `--address=ADDRESS`
3331 By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when run as a daemon
3332 with the `--daemon` option. The `--address` option allows you to specify a
3333 specific IP address (or hostname) to bind to. This makes virtual hosting
3334 possible in conjunction with the `--config` option. See also the "address"
3335 global option in the rsyncd.conf manpage.
3339 This option allows you to specify the maximum transfer rate for the data
3340 the daemon sends over the socket. The client can still specify a smaller
3341 `--bwlimit` value, but no larger value will be allowed. See the client
3342 version of this option (above) for some extra details.
3346 This specifies an alternate config file than the default. This is only
3347 relevant when `--daemon` is specified. The default is /etc/rsyncd.conf
3348 unless the daemon is running over a remote shell program and the remote
3349 user is not the super-user; in that case the default is rsyncd.conf in the
3350 current directory (typically $HOME).
3352 0. `--dparam=OVERRIDE`, `-M`
3354 This option can be used to set a daemon-config parameter when starting up
3355 rsync in daemon mode. It is equivalent to adding the parameter at the end
3356 of the global settings prior to the first module's definition. The
3357 parameter names can be specified without spaces, if you so desire. For
3360 > rsync --daemon -M pidfile=/path/rsync.pid
3364 When running as a daemon, this option instructs rsync to not detach itself
3365 and become a background process. This option is required when running as a
3366 service on Cygwin, and may also be useful when rsync is supervised by a
3367 program such as `daemontools` or AIX's `System Resource Controller`.
3368 `--no-detach` is also recommended when rsync is run under a debugger. This
3369 option has no effect if rsync is run from inetd or sshd.
3373 This specifies an alternate TCP port number for the daemon to listen on
3374 rather than the default of 873. See also the "port" global option in the
3375 rsyncd.conf manpage.
3377 0. `--log-file=FILE`
3379 This option tells the rsync daemon to use the given log-file name instead
3380 of using the "`log file`" setting in the config file.
3382 0. `--log-file-format=FORMAT`
3384 This option tells the rsync daemon to use the given FORMAT string instead
3385 of using the "`log format`" setting in the config file. It also enables
3386 "`transfer logging`" unless the string is empty, in which case transfer
3387 logging is turned off.
3391 This overrides the `socket options` setting in the rsyncd.conf file and has
3394 0. `--verbose`, `-v`
3396 This option increases the amount of information the daemon logs during its
3397 startup phase. After the client connects, the daemon's verbosity level
3398 will be controlled by the options that the client used and the
3399 "`max verbosity`" setting in the module's config section.
3401 0. `--ipv4`, `-4` or `--ipv6`, `-6`
3403 Tells rsync to prefer IPv4/IPv6 when creating the incoming sockets that the
3404 rsync daemon will use to listen for connections. One of these options may
3405 be required in older versions of Linux to work around an IPv6 bug in the
3406 kernel (if you see an "address already in use" error when nothing else is
3407 using the port, try specifying `--ipv6` or `--ipv4` when starting the
3410 These options also exist in the regular rsync options section.
3412 If rsync was complied without support for IPv6, the `--ipv6` option will
3413 have no effect. The `rsync --version` output will contain "`no IPv6`" if
3418 When specified after `--daemon`, print a short help page describing the
3419 options available for starting an rsync daemon.
3423 The filter rules allow for flexible selection of which files to transfer
3424 (include) and which files to skip (exclude). The rules either directly specify
3425 include/exclude patterns or they specify a way to acquire more include/exclude
3426 patterns (e.g. to read them from a file).
3428 As the list of files/directories to transfer is built, rsync checks each name
3429 to be transferred against the list of include/exclude patterns in turn, and the
3430 first matching pattern is acted on: if it is an exclude pattern, then that file
3431 is skipped; if it is an include pattern then that filename is not skipped; if
3432 no matching pattern is found, then the filename is not skipped.
3434 Rsync builds an ordered list of filter rules as specified on the command-line.
3435 Filter rules have the following syntax:
3437 > RULE [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]
3438 > RULE,MODIFIERS [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]
3440 You have your choice of using either short or long RULE names, as described
3441 below. If you use a short-named rule, the ',' separating the RULE from the
3442 MODIFIERS is optional. The PATTERN or FILENAME that follows (when present)
3443 must come after either a single space or an underscore (\_). Here are the
3444 available rule prefixes:
3446 0. `exclude, '-'` specifies an exclude pattern.
3447 0. `include, '+'` specifies an include pattern.
3448 0. `merge, '.'` specifies a merge-file to read for more rules.
3449 0. `dir-merge, ':'` specifies a per-directory merge-file.
3450 0. `hide, 'H'` specifies a pattern for hiding files from the transfer.
3451 0. `show, 'S'` files that match the pattern are not hidden.
3452 0. `protect, 'P'` specifies a pattern for protecting files from deletion.
3453 0. `risk, 'R'` files that match the pattern are not protected.
3454 0. `clear, '!'` clears the current include/exclude list (takes no arg)
3456 When rules are being read from a file, empty lines are ignored, as are comment
3457 lines that start with a "#".
3459 [comment]: # (Remember that markdown strips spaces from start/end of ` ... ` sequences!)
3460 [comment]: # (Thus, the `x ` sequences below use a literal non-breakable space!)
3462 Note that the `--include` & `--exclude` command-line options do not allow the
3463 full range of rule parsing as described above -- they only allow the
3464 specification of include / exclude patterns plus a "`!`" token to clear the
3465 list (and the normal comment parsing when rules are read from a file). If a
3466 pattern does not begin with "`-Â `" (dash, space) or "`+Â `" (plus, space), then
3467 the rule will be interpreted as if "`+Â `" (for an include option) or "`-Â `"
3468 (for an exclude option) were prefixed to the string. A `--filter` option, on
3469 the other hand, must always contain either a short or long rule name at the
3472 Note also that the `--filter`, `--include`, and `--exclude` options take one
3473 rule/pattern each. To add multiple ones, you can repeat the options on the
3474 command-line, use the merge-file syntax of the `--filter` option, or the
3475 `--include-from` / `--exclude-from` options.
3477 # INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERN RULES
3479 You can include and exclude files by specifying patterns using the "+", "-",
3480 etc. filter rules (as introduced in the FILTER RULES section above). The
3481 include/exclude rules each specify a pattern that is matched against the names
3482 of the files that are going to be transferred. These patterns can take several
3485 - if the pattern starts with a `/` then it is anchored to a particular spot in
3486 the hierarchy of files, otherwise it is matched against the end of the
3487 pathname. This is similar to a leading `^` in regular expressions. Thus
3488 `/foo` would match a name of "foo" at either the "root of the transfer" (for
3489 a global rule) or in the merge-file's directory (for a per-directory rule).
3490 An unqualified `foo` would match a name of "foo" anywhere in the tree because
3491 the algorithm is applied recursively from the top down; it behaves as if each
3492 path component gets a turn at being the end of the filename. Even the
3493 unanchored "sub/foo" would match at any point in the hierarchy where a "foo"
3494 was found within a directory named "sub". See the section on ANCHORING
3495 INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS for a full discussion of how to specify a pattern
3496 that matches at the root of the transfer.
3497 - if the pattern ends with a `/` then it will only match a directory, not a
3498 regular file, symlink, or device.
3499 - rsync chooses between doing a simple string match and wildcard matching by
3500 checking if the pattern contains one of these three wildcard characters:
3501 '`*`', '`?`', and '`[`' .
3502 - a '`*`' matches any path component, but it stops at slashes.
3503 - use '`**`' to match anything, including slashes.
3504 - a '`?`' matches any character except a slash (`/`).
3505 - a '`[`' introduces a character class, such as `[a-z]` or `[[:alpha:]]`.
3506 - in a wildcard pattern, a backslash can be used to escape a wildcard
3507 character, but it is matched literally when no wildcards are present. This
3508 means that there is an extra level of backslash removal when a pattern
3509 contains wildcard characters compared to a pattern that has none. e.g. if
3510 you add a wildcard to "`foo\bar`" (which matches the backslash) you would
3511 need to use "`foo\\bar*`" to avoid the "`\b`" becoming just "b".
3512 - if the pattern contains a `/` (not counting a trailing /) or a "`**`", then it
3513 is matched against the full pathname, including any leading directories. If
3514 the pattern doesn't contain a `/` or a "`**`", then it is matched only against
3515 the final component of the filename. (Remember that the algorithm is applied
3516 recursively so "full filename" can actually be any portion of a path from the
3517 starting directory on down.)
3518 - a trailing "`dir_name/***`" will match both the directory (as if "dir_name/"
3519 had been specified) and everything in the directory (as if "`dir_name/**`"
3520 had been specified). This behavior was added in version 2.6.7.
3522 Note that, when using the `--recursive` (`-r`) option (which is implied by
3523 `-a`), every subdir component of every path is visited left to right, with each
3524 directory having a chance for exclusion before its content. In this way
3525 include/exclude patterns are applied recursively to the pathname of each node
3526 in the filesystem's tree (those inside the transfer). The exclude patterns
3527 short-circuit the directory traversal stage as rsync finds the files to send.
3529 For instance, to include "`/foo/bar/baz`", the directories "`/foo`" and "`/foo/bar`"
3530 must not be excluded. Excluding one of those parent directories prevents the
3531 examination of its content, cutting off rsync's recursion into those paths and
3532 rendering the include for "`/foo/bar/baz`" ineffectual (since rsync can't match
3533 something it never sees in the cut-off section of the directory hierarchy).
3535 The concept path exclusion is particularly important when using a trailing '`*`'
3536 rule. For instance, this won't work:
3538 > + /some/path/this-file-will-not-be-found
3539 > + /file-is-included
3542 This fails because the parent directory "some" is excluded by the '`*`' rule, so
3543 rsync never visits any of the files in the "some" or "some/path" directories.
3544 One solution is to ask for all directories in the hierarchy to be included by
3545 using a single rule: "`+ */`" (put it somewhere before the "`- *`" rule), and
3546 perhaps use the `--prune-empty-dirs` option. Another solution is to add
3547 specific include rules for all the parent dirs that need to be visited. For
3548 instance, this set of rules works fine:
3552 > + /some/path/this-file-is-found
3553 > + /file-also-included
3556 Here are some examples of exclude/include matching:
3558 - "`- *.o`" would exclude all names matching `*.o`
3559 - "`- /foo`" would exclude a file (or directory) named foo in the transfer-root
3561 - "`- foo/`" would exclude any directory named foo
3562 - "`- /foo/*/bar`" would exclude any file named bar which is at two levels
3563 below a directory named foo in the transfer-root directory
3564 - "`- /foo/**/bar`" would exclude any file named bar two or more levels below a
3565 directory named foo in the transfer-root directory
3566 - The combination of "`+ */`", "`+ *.c`", and "`- *`" would include all
3567 directories and C source files but nothing else (see also the
3568 `--prune-empty-dirs` option)
3569 - The combination of "`+ foo/`", "`+ foo/bar.c`", and "`- *`" would include
3570 only the foo directory and foo/bar.c (the foo directory must be explicitly
3571 included or it would be excluded by the "`*`")
3573 The following modifiers are accepted after a "`+`" or "`-`":
3575 - A `/` specifies that the include/exclude rule should be matched against the
3576 absolute pathname of the current item. For example, "`-/ /etc/passwd`" would
3577 exclude the passwd file any time the transfer was sending files from the
3578 "/etc" directory, and "-/ subdir/foo" would always exclude "foo" when it is
3579 in a dir named "subdir", even if "foo" is at the root of the current
3581 - A `!` specifies that the include/exclude should take effect if the pattern
3582 fails to match. For instance, "`-! */`" would exclude all non-directories.
3583 - A `C` is used to indicate that all the global CVS-exclude rules should be
3584 inserted as excludes in place of the "-C". No arg should follow.
3585 - An `s` is used to indicate that the rule applies to the sending side. When a
3586 rule affects the sending side, it prevents files from being transferred. The
3587 default is for a rule to affect both sides unless `--delete-excluded` was
3588 specified, in which case default rules become sender-side only. See also the
3589 hide (H) and show (S) rules, which are an alternate way to specify
3590 sending-side includes/excludes.
3591 - An `r` is used to indicate that the rule applies to the receiving side. When
3592 a rule affects the receiving side, it prevents files from being deleted. See
3593 the `s` modifier for more info. See also the protect (P) and risk (R) rules,
3594 which are an alternate way to specify receiver-side includes/excludes.
3595 - A `p` indicates that a rule is perishable, meaning that it is ignored in
3596 directories that are being deleted. For instance, the `-C` option's default
3597 rules that exclude things like "CVS" and "`*.o`" are marked as perishable,
3598 and will not prevent a directory that was removed on the source from being
3599 deleted on the destination.
3600 - An `x` indicates that a rule affects xattr names in xattr copy/delete
3601 operations (and is thus ignored when matching file/dir names). If no
3602 xattr-matching rules are specified, a default xattr filtering rule is used
3603 (see the `--xattrs` option).
3605 # MERGE-FILE FILTER RULES
3607 You can merge whole files into your filter rules by specifying either a merge
3608 (.) or a dir-merge (:) filter rule (as introduced in the FILTER RULES section
3611 There are two kinds of merged files -- single-instance ('.') and per-directory
3612 (':'). A single-instance merge file is read one time, and its rules are
3613 incorporated into the filter list in the place of the "." rule. For
3614 per-directory merge files, rsync will scan every directory that it traverses
3615 for the named file, merging its contents when the file exists into the current
3616 list of inherited rules. These per-directory rule files must be created on the
3617 sending side because it is the sending side that is being scanned for the
3618 available files to transfer. These rule files may also need to be transferred
3619 to the receiving side if you want them to affect what files don't get deleted
3620 (see PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE below).
3624 > merge /etc/rsync/default.rules
3625 > . /etc/rsync/default.rules
3626 > dir-merge .per-dir-filter
3627 > dir-merge,n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes
3628 > :n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes
3630 The following modifiers are accepted after a merge or dir-merge rule:
3632 - A `-` specifies that the file should consist of only exclude patterns, with
3633 no other rule-parsing except for in-file comments.
3634 - A `+` specifies that the file should consist of only include patterns, with
3635 no other rule-parsing except for in-file comments.
3636 - A `C` is a way to specify that the file should be read in a CVS-compatible
3637 manner. This turns on 'n', 'w', and '-', but also allows the list-clearing
3638 token (!) to be specified. If no filename is provided, ".cvsignore" is
3640 - A `e` will exclude the merge-file name from the transfer; e.g. "dir-merge,e
3641 .rules" is like "dir-merge .rules" and "- .rules".
3642 - An `n` specifies that the rules are not inherited by subdirectories.
3643 - A `w` specifies that the rules are word-split on whitespace instead of the
3644 normal line-splitting. This also turns off comments. Note: the space that
3645 separates the prefix from the rule is treated specially, so "- foo + bar" is
3646 parsed as two rules (assuming that prefix-parsing wasn't also disabled).
3647 - You may also specify any of the modifiers for the "+" or "-" rules (above) in
3648 order to have the rules that are read in from the file default to having that
3649 modifier set (except for the `!` modifier, which would not be useful). For
3650 instance, "merge,-/ .excl" would treat the contents of .excl as absolute-path
3651 excludes, while "dir-merge,s .filt" and ":sC" would each make all their
3652 per-directory rules apply only on the sending side. If the merge rule
3653 specifies sides to affect (via the `s` or `r` modifier or both), then the
3654 rules in the file must not specify sides (via a modifier or a rule prefix
3657 Per-directory rules are inherited in all subdirectories of the directory where
3658 the merge-file was found unless the 'n' modifier was used. Each subdirectory's
3659 rules are prefixed to the inherited per-directory rules from its parents, which
3660 gives the newest rules a higher priority than the inherited rules. The entire
3661 set of dir-merge rules are grouped together in the spot where the merge-file
3662 was specified, so it is possible to override dir-merge rules via a rule that
3663 got specified earlier in the list of global rules. When the list-clearing rule
3664 ("!") is read from a per-directory file, it only clears the inherited rules for
3665 the current merge file.
3667 Another way to prevent a single rule from a dir-merge file from being inherited
3668 is to anchor it with a leading slash. Anchored rules in a per-directory
3669 merge-file are relative to the merge-file's directory, so a pattern "/foo"
3670 would only match the file "foo" in the directory where the dir-merge filter
3673 Here's an example filter file which you'd specify via `--filter=". file":`
3675 > merge /home/user/.global-filter
3682 This will merge the contents of the /home/user/.global-filter file at the start
3683 of the list and also turns the ".rules" filename into a per-directory filter
3684 file. All rules read in prior to the start of the directory scan follow the
3685 global anchoring rules (i.e. a leading slash matches at the root of the
3688 If a per-directory merge-file is specified with a path that is a parent
3689 directory of the first transfer directory, rsync will scan all the parent dirs
3690 from that starting point to the transfer directory for the indicated
3691 per-directory file. For instance, here is a common filter (see `-F`):
3693 > --filter=': /.rsync-filter'
3695 That rule tells rsync to scan for the file .rsync-filter in all directories
3696 from the root down through the parent directory of the transfer prior to the
3697 start of the normal directory scan of the file in the directories that are sent
3698 as a part of the transfer. (Note: for an rsync daemon, the root is always the
3699 same as the module's "path".)
3701 Some examples of this pre-scanning for per-directory files:
3703 > rsync -avF /src/path/ /dest/dir
3704 > rsync -av --filter=': ../../.rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir
3705 > rsync -av --filter=': .rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir
3707 The first two commands above will look for ".rsync-filter" in "/" and "/src"
3708 before the normal scan begins looking for the file in "/src/path" and its
3709 subdirectories. The last command avoids the parent-dir scan and only looks for
3710 the ".rsync-filter" files in each directory that is a part of the transfer.
3712 If you want to include the contents of a ".cvsignore" in your patterns, you
3713 should use the rule ":C", which creates a dir-merge of the .cvsignore file, but
3714 parsed in a CVS-compatible manner. You can use this to affect where the
3715 `--cvs-exclude` (`-C`) option's inclusion of the per-directory .cvsignore file
3716 gets placed into your rules by putting the ":C" wherever you like in your
3717 filter rules. Without this, rsync would add the dir-merge rule for the
3718 .cvsignore file at the end of all your other rules (giving it a lower priority
3719 than your command-line rules). For example:
3722 > cat <<EOT | rsync -avC --filter='. -' a/ b
3727 > rsync -avC --include=foo.o -f :C --exclude='*.old' a/ b
3730 Both of the above rsync commands are identical. Each one will merge all the
3731 per-directory .cvsignore rules in the middle of the list rather than at the
3732 end. This allows their dir-specific rules to supersede the rules that follow
3733 the :C instead of being subservient to all your rules. To affect the other CVS
3734 exclude rules (i.e. the default list of exclusions, the contents of
3735 $HOME/.cvsignore, and the value of $CVSIGNORE) you should omit the `-C`
3736 command-line option and instead insert a "-C" rule into your filter rules; e.g.
3739 # LIST-CLEARING FILTER RULE
3741 You can clear the current include/exclude list by using the "!" filter rule (as
3742 introduced in the FILTER RULES section above). The "current" list is either
3743 the global list of rules (if the rule is encountered while parsing the filter
3744 options) or a set of per-directory rules (which are inherited in their own
3745 sub-list, so a subdirectory can use this to clear out the parent's rules).
3747 # ANCHORING INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS
3749 As mentioned earlier, global include/exclude patterns are anchored at the "root
3750 of the transfer" (as opposed to per-directory patterns, which are anchored at
3751 the merge-file's directory). If you think of the transfer as a subtree of
3752 names that are being sent from sender to receiver, the transfer-root is where
3753 the tree starts to be duplicated in the destination directory. This root
3754 governs where patterns that start with a / match.
3756 Because the matching is relative to the transfer-root, changing the trailing
3757 slash on a source path or changing your use of the `--relative` option affects
3758 the path you need to use in your matching (in addition to changing how much of
3759 the file tree is duplicated on the destination host). The following examples
3762 Let's say that we want to match two source files, one with an absolute
3763 path of "/home/me/foo/bar", and one with a path of "/home/you/bar/baz".
3764 Here is how the various command choices differ for a 2-source transfer:
3767 > Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me /home/you /dest
3768 > +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar
3769 > +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz
3770 > Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
3771 > Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz
3775 > Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me/ /home/you/ /dest
3776 > +/- pattern: /foo/bar (note missing "me")
3777 > +/- pattern: /bar/baz (note missing "you")
3778 > Target file: /dest/foo/bar
3779 > Target file: /dest/bar/baz
3783 > Example cmd: rsync -a --relative /home/me/ /home/you /dest
3784 > +/- pattern: /home/me/foo/bar (note full path)
3785 > +/- pattern: /home/you/bar/baz (ditto)
3786 > Target file: /dest/home/me/foo/bar
3787 > Target file: /dest/home/you/bar/baz
3791 > Example cmd: cd /home; rsync -a --relative me/foo you/ /dest
3792 > +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar (starts at specified path)
3793 > +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz (ditto)
3794 > Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
3795 > Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz
3798 The easiest way to see what name you should filter is to just
3799 look at the output when using `--verbose` and put a / in front of the name
3800 (use the `--dry-run` option if you're not yet ready to copy any files).
3802 # PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE
3804 Without a delete option, per-directory rules are only relevant on the sending
3805 side, so you can feel free to exclude the merge files themselves without
3806 affecting the transfer. To make this easy, the 'e' modifier adds this exclude
3807 for you, as seen in these two equivalent commands:
3809 > rsync -av --filter=': .excl' --exclude=.excl host:src/dir /dest
3810 > rsync -av --filter=':e .excl' host:src/dir /dest
3812 However, if you want to do a delete on the receiving side AND you want some
3813 files to be excluded from being deleted, you'll need to be sure that the
3814 receiving side knows what files to exclude. The easiest way is to include the
3815 per-directory merge files in the transfer and use `--delete-after`, because
3816 this ensures that the receiving side gets all the same exclude rules as the
3817 sending side before it tries to delete anything:
3819 > rsync -avF --delete-after host:src/dir /dest
3821 However, if the merge files are not a part of the transfer, you'll need to
3822 either specify some global exclude rules (i.e. specified on the command line),
3823 or you'll need to maintain your own per-directory merge files on the receiving
3824 side. An example of the first is this (assume that the remote .rules files
3825 exclude themselves):
3827 > rsync -av --filter=': .rules' --filter='. /my/extra.rules'
3828 > --delete host:src/dir /dest
3830 In the above example the extra.rules file can affect both sides of the
3831 transfer, but (on the sending side) the rules are subservient to the rules
3832 merged from the .rules files because they were specified after the
3833 per-directory merge rule.
3835 In one final example, the remote side is excluding the .rsync-filter files from
3836 the transfer, but we want to use our own .rsync-filter files to control what
3837 gets deleted on the receiving side. To do this we must specifically exclude
3838 the per-directory merge files (so that they don't get deleted) and then put
3839 rules into the local files to control what else should not get deleted. Like
3840 one of these commands:
3843 > rsync -av --filter=':e /.rsync-filter' --delete \
3844 > host:src/dir /dest
3845 > rsync -avFF --delete host:src/dir /dest
3850 Batch mode can be used to apply the same set of updates to many identical
3851 systems. Suppose one has a tree which is replicated on a number of hosts. Now
3852 suppose some changes have been made to this source tree and those changes need
3853 to be propagated to the other hosts. In order to do this using batch mode,
3854 rsync is run with the write-batch option to apply the changes made to the
3855 source tree to one of the destination trees. The write-batch option causes the
3856 rsync client to store in a "batch file" all the information needed to repeat
3857 this operation against other, identical destination trees.
3859 Generating the batch file once saves having to perform the file status,
3860 checksum, and data block generation more than once when updating multiple
3861 destination trees. Multicast transport protocols can be used to transfer the
3862 batch update files in parallel to many hosts at once, instead of sending the
3863 same data to every host individually.
3865 To apply the recorded changes to another destination tree, run rsync with the
3866 read-batch option, specifying the name of the same batch file, and the
3867 destination tree. Rsync updates the destination tree using the information
3868 stored in the batch file.
3870 For your convenience, a script file is also created when the write-batch option
3871 is used: it will be named the same as the batch file with ".sh" appended. This
3872 script file contains a command-line suitable for updating a destination tree
3873 using the associated batch file. It can be executed using a Bourne (or
3874 Bourne-like) shell, optionally passing in an alternate destination tree
3875 pathname which is then used instead of the original destination path. This is
3876 useful when the destination tree path on the current host differs from the one
3877 used to create the batch file.
3881 > $ rsync --write-batch=foo -a host:/source/dir/ /adest/dir/
3882 > $ scp foo* remote:
3883 > $ ssh remote ./foo.sh /bdest/dir/
3885 > $ rsync --write-batch=foo -a /source/dir/ /adest/dir/
3886 > $ ssh remote rsync --read-batch=- -a /bdest/dir/ <foo
3888 In these examples, rsync is used to update /adest/dir/ from /source/dir/ and
3889 the information to repeat this operation is stored in "foo" and "foo.sh". The
3890 host "remote" is then updated with the batched data going into the directory
3891 /bdest/dir. The differences between the two examples reveals some of the
3892 flexibility you have in how you deal with batches:
3894 - The first example shows that the initial copy doesn't have to be local -- you
3895 can push or pull data to/from a remote host using either the remote-shell
3896 syntax or rsync daemon syntax, as desired.
3897 - The first example uses the created "foo.sh" file to get the right rsync
3898 options when running the read-batch command on the remote host.
3899 - The second example reads the batch data via standard input so that the batch
3900 file doesn't need to be copied to the remote machine first. This example
3901 avoids the foo.sh script because it needed to use a modified `--read-batch`
3902 option, but you could edit the script file if you wished to make use of it
3903 (just be sure that no other option is trying to use standard input, such as
3904 the "`--exclude-from=-`" option).
3908 The read-batch option expects the destination tree that it is updating to be
3909 identical to the destination tree that was used to create the batch update
3910 fileset. When a difference between the destination trees is encountered the
3911 update might be discarded with a warning (if the file appears to be up-to-date
3912 already) or the file-update may be attempted and then, if the file fails to
3913 verify, the update discarded with an error. This means that it should be safe
3914 to re-run a read-batch operation if the command got interrupted. If you wish
3915 to force the batched-update to always be attempted regardless of the file's
3916 size and date, use the `-I` option (when reading the batch). If an error
3917 occurs, the destination tree will probably be in a partially updated state. In
3918 that case, rsync can be used in its regular (non-batch) mode of operation to
3919 fix up the destination tree.
3921 The rsync version used on all destinations must be at least as new as the one
3922 used to generate the batch file. Rsync will die with an error if the protocol
3923 version in the batch file is too new for the batch-reading rsync to handle.
3924 See also the `--protocol` option for a way to have the creating rsync generate
3925 a batch file that an older rsync can understand. (Note that batch files
3926 changed format in version 2.6.3, so mixing versions older than that with newer
3927 versions will not work.)
3929 When reading a batch file, rsync will force the value of certain options to
3930 match the data in the batch file if you didn't set them to the same as the
3931 batch-writing command. Other options can (and should) be changed. For
3932 instance `--write-batch` changes to `--read-batch`, `--files-from` is dropped,
3933 and the `--filter` / `--include` / `--exclude` options are not needed unless
3934 one of the `--delete` options is specified.
3936 The code that creates the BATCH.sh file transforms any filter/include/exclude
3937 options into a single list that is appended as a "here" document to the shell
3938 script file. An advanced user can use this to modify the exclude list if a
3939 change in what gets deleted by `--delete` is desired. A normal user can ignore
3940 this detail and just use the shell script as an easy way to run the appropriate
3941 `--read-batch` command for the batched data.
3943 The original batch mode in rsync was based on "rsync+", but the latest
3944 version uses a new implementation.
3948 Three basic behaviors are possible when rsync encounters a symbolic
3949 link in the source directory.
3951 By default, symbolic links are not transferred at all. A message "skipping
3952 non-regular" file is emitted for any symlinks that exist.
3954 If `--links` is specified, then symlinks are recreated with the same target on
3955 the destination. Note that `--archive` implies `--links`.
3957 If `--copy-links` is specified, then symlinks are "collapsed" by
3958 copying their referent, rather than the symlink.
3960 Rsync can also distinguish "safe" and "unsafe" symbolic links. An example
3961 where this might be used is a web site mirror that wishes to ensure that the
3962 rsync module that is copied does not include symbolic links to `/etc/passwd` in
3963 the public section of the site. Using `--copy-unsafe-links` will cause any
3964 links to be copied as the file they point to on the destination. Using
3965 `--safe-links` will cause unsafe links to be omitted altogether. (Note that you
3966 must specify `--links` for `--safe-links` to have any effect.)
3968 Symbolic links are considered unsafe if they are absolute symlinks
3969 (start with `/`), empty, or if they contain enough ".."
3970 components to ascend from the directory being copied.
3972 Here's a summary of how the symlink options are interpreted. The list is in
3973 order of precedence, so if your combination of options isn't mentioned, use the
3974 first line that is a complete subset of your options:
3976 0. `--copy-links` Turn all symlinks into normal files (leaving no symlinks for
3977 any other options to affect).
3978 0. `--links --copy-unsafe-links` Turn all unsafe symlinks into files and
3979 duplicate all safe symlinks.
3980 0. `--copy-unsafe-links` Turn all unsafe symlinks into files, noisily skip all
3982 0. `--links --safe-links` Duplicate safe symlinks and skip unsafe ones.
3983 0. `--links` Duplicate all symlinks.
3987 rsync occasionally produces error messages that may seem a little cryptic. The
3988 one that seems to cause the most confusion is "protocol version mismatch -- is
3991 This message is usually caused by your startup scripts or remote shell facility
3992 producing unwanted garbage on the stream that rsync is using for its transport.
3993 The way to diagnose this problem is to run your remote shell like this:
3995 > ssh remotehost /bin/true > out.dat
3997 then look at out.dat. If everything is working correctly then out.dat should
3998 be a zero length file. If you are getting the above error from rsync then you
3999 will probably find that out.dat contains some text or data. Look at the
4000 contents and try to work out what is producing it. The most common cause is
4001 incorrectly configured shell startup scripts (such as .cshrc or .profile) that
4002 contain output statements for non-interactive logins.
4004 If you are having trouble debugging filter patterns, then try specifying the
4005 `-vv` option. At this level of verbosity rsync will show why each individual
4006 file is included or excluded.
4011 0. **1** Syntax or usage error
4012 0. **2** Protocol incompatibility
4013 0. **3** Errors selecting input/output files, dirs
4014 0. **4** Requested action not supported: an attempt was made to manipulate
4015 64-bit files on a platform that cannot support them; or an option was
4016 specified that is supported by the client and not by the server.
4017 0. **5** Error starting client-server protocol
4018 0. **6** Daemon unable to append to log-file
4019 0. **10** Error in socket I/O
4020 0. **11** Error in file I/O
4021 0. **12** Error in rsync protocol data stream
4022 0. **13** Errors with program diagnostics
4023 0. **14** Error in IPC code
4024 0. **20** Received SIGUSR1 or SIGINT
4025 0. **21** Some error returned by **waitpid()**
4026 0. **22** Error allocating core memory buffers
4027 0. **23** Partial transfer due to error
4028 0. **24** Partial transfer due to vanished source files
4029 0. **25** The --max-delete limit stopped deletions
4030 0. **30** Timeout in data send/receive
4031 0. **35** Timeout waiting for daemon connection
4033 # ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
4037 The CVSIGNORE environment variable supplements any ignore patterns in
4038 .cvsignore files. See the `--cvs-exclude` option for more details.
4042 Specify a default `--iconv` setting using this environment variable. (First
4043 supported in 3.0.0.)
4045 0. `RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS`
4047 Specify a non-zero numeric value if you want the `--protect-args` option to
4048 be enabled by default, or a zero value to make sure that it is disabled by
4049 default. (First supported in 3.1.0.)
4053 The RSYNC_RSH environment variable allows you to override the default shell
4054 used as the transport for rsync. Command line options are permitted after
4055 the command name, just as in the `-e` option.
4059 The RSYNC_PROXY environment variable allows you to redirect your rsync
4060 client to use a web proxy when connecting to a rsync daemon. You should
4061 set RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair.
4065 Setting RSYNC_PASSWORD to the required password allows you to run
4066 authenticated rsync connections to an rsync daemon without user
4067 intervention. Note that this does not supply a password to a remote shell
4068 transport such as ssh; to learn how to do that, consult the remote shell's
4071 0. `USER` or `LOGNAME`
4073 The USER or LOGNAME environment variables are used to determine the default
4074 username sent to an rsync daemon. If neither is set, the username defaults
4079 The HOME environment variable is used to find the user's default .cvsignore
4084 /etc/rsyncd.conf or rsyncd.conf
4088 **rsync-ssl**(1), **rsyncd.conf**(5)
4092 times are transferred as \*nix time_t values
4094 When transferring to FAT filesystems rsync may re-sync
4096 See the comments on the `--modify-window` option.
4098 file permissions, devices, etc. are transferred as native numerical
4101 see also the comments on the `--delete` option
4103 Please report bugs! See the web site at <https://rsync.samba.org/>.
4107 This man page is current for version @VERSION@ of rsync.
4111 The options `--server` and `--sender` are used internally by rsync, and should
4112 never be typed by a user under normal circumstances. Some awareness of these
4113 options may be needed in certain scenarios, such as when setting up a login
4114 that can only run an rsync command. For instance, the support directory of the
4115 rsync distribution has an example script named rrsync (for restricted rsync)
4116 that can be used with a restricted ssh login.
4120 rsync is distributed under the GNU General Public License. See the file
4121 COPYING for details.
4123 A web site is available at <https://rsync.samba.org/>. The site includes an
4124 FAQ-O-Matic which may cover questions unanswered by this manual page.
4126 We would be delighted to hear from you if you like this program. Please
4127 contact the mailing-list at <rsync@lists.samba.org>.
4129 This program uses the excellent zlib compression library written by Jean-loup
4130 Gailly and Mark Adler.
4134 Special thanks go out to: John Van Essen, Matt McCutchen, Wesley W. Terpstra,
4135 David Dykstra, Jos Backus, Sebastian Krahmer, Martin Pool, and our
4136 gone-but-not-forgotten compadre, J.W. Schultz.
4138 Thanks also to Richard Brent, Brendan Mackay, Bill Waite, Stephen Rothwell and
4139 David Bell. I've probably missed some people, my apologies if I have.
4143 rsync was originally written by Andrew Tridgell and Paul Mackerras. Many
4144 people have later contributed to it. It is currently maintained by Wayne
4147 Mailing lists for support and development are available at
4148 <https://lists.samba.org/>.